{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T04:32:43Z","timestamp":1771648363179,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with lower extremity osteoarthritis (OA) have a 25% greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) than those without OA. The prevalence of traumatic joint injuries among National Football League (NFL) players exposes these athletes to an elevated risk for OA and potentially a greater risk of cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) and CVD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the associations between a history of lower extremity joint injury, lower extremity OA, and the prevalence of CRFs and CVD among former NFL athletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Former NFL players completed a comprehensive health questionnaire that was used in an ongoing study, the Neurologic Function Across the Lifespan: A Prospective, Longitudinal, and Translational Study for Former NFL Players (NFL-LONG). A subsample of 1738 former players reported lifetime medical diagnoses including CVD or CRFs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRsadj) characterized the associations between CVD or CRFs and injury, OA diagnosis, or both among athletes who reported (1) no history of lower extremity joint injury or surgery and no diagnosed OA, (2) a history of lower extremity joint injury or surgery and no diagnosed OA, and (3) a history of lower extremity joint injury or surgery and diagnosed OA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neither a history of lower extremity joint injury (PRadj = 1.34; 95% CI = 0.86, 2.07) nor a history of lower extremity joint injury and diagnosed OA (PRadj = 1.41; 95% CI = 0.89, 2.25) was significantly associated with CVD. However, CRFs were 30% and 53% more prevalent in former players with lower extremity joint injury and no diagnosed OA (PRadj = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.50) and those with lower extremity joint injury and diagnosed OA (PRadj = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.31, 1.78), respectively, versus athletes with no history of either condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of CRFs was highest among former NFL athletes with a history of lower extremity joint injury and diagnosed OA. These findings provide insight regarding the potential pathways to chronic diseases that may be initiated by joint injury early in life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0437.22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T19:21:58Z","timestamp":1673896918000},"page":"528-535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Joint Injury, Osteoarthritis, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Former National Football League Athletes: An NFL-LONG Study"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Kuenze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Pietrosimone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharine D.","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary Y.","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avinash","family":"Chandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"},{"name":"\u2016Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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