{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:04:00Z","timestamp":1785899040725,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"\n Context<\/jats:title>\n Cold-water immersion (CWI) has been reported to reduce tissue metabolism postimmersion, but physiological data are lacking regarding the muscle metabolic response to its application. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a noninvasive optical technique that can inform muscle hemodynamics and tissue metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the effects of CWI at 2 water temperatures (10\u00b0C and 15\u00b0C) on NIRS-calculated measurements of muscle oxygen consumption (mVO2<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n University sports rehabilitation center.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n A total of 11 male National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II long-distance runners (age = 23.4 \u00b1 3.4 years, height = 1.8 \u00b1 0.1 m, mass = 68.8 \u00b1 10.7 kg, mean adipose tissue thickness = 6.7 \u00b1 2.7 mm).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention(s)<\/jats:title>\n Cold-water immersion at 10\u00b0C and 15\u00b0C for 20 minutes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n We calculated mVO2<\/jats:sub> preimmersion and postimmersion at water temperatures of 10\u00b0C and 15\u00b0C. Changes in tissue oxyhemoglobin (O2<\/jats:sub>Hb), deoxyhemoglobin (HHb), total hemoglobin (tHb), hemoglobin difference (Hbdiff<\/jats:sub>), and tissue saturation index (TSI %) were measured during the 20-minute immersion at both temperatures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n We observed a decrease in mVO2<\/jats:sub> after immersion at both 10\u00b0C and 15\u00b0C (F<\/jats:italic>1,9<\/jats:sub> = 27.7801, P<\/jats:italic> = .001). During the 20-minute immersion at both temperatures, we noted a main effect of time for O2<\/jats:sub>Hb (F<\/jats:italic>3,27<\/jats:sub> = 14.227, P<\/jats:italic> = .001), HHb (F<\/jats:italic>3,27<\/jats:sub> = 5.749, P<\/jats:italic> = .009), tHb (F<\/jats:italic>3,27<\/jats:sub> = 24.786, P<\/jats:italic> = .001), and Hbdiff<\/jats:sub> (F<\/jats:italic>3,27<\/jats:sub> = 3.894, P<\/jats:italic> = .020), in which values decreased over the course of immersion. Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that these changes occurred within the final 5 minutes of immersion for tHb and O2<\/jats:sub>Hb.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n A 20-minute CWI at 10\u00b0C and 15\u00b0C led to a reduction in mVO2<\/jats:sub>. This was greater after immersion at 10\u00b0C. The reduction in mVO2<\/jats:sub> suggests a decrease in muscle metabolic activity (ie, O2<\/jats:sub> use after CWI). Calculating mVO2<\/jats:sub> via the NIRS-occlusion technique may offer further insight into muscle metabolic responses beyond what is attainable from observing the NIRS primary signals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0532.22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T16:56:30Z","timestamp":1687539390000},"page":"317-324","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cold-Water Immersion and Lower Limb Muscle Oxygen Consumption as Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Trained Endurance Athletes"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Ben","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Waterworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Tallent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Rogerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Southall-Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Essex County Council, Chelmsford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris E.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"key":"i1062-6050-59-3-317-b01","series-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil","first-page":"6","article-title":"Team sport athletes\u2019 perceptions and use of recovery strategies: a mixed-methods survey study","volume":"9","author":"Crowther","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crowther\n F,\n \n \n Sealey\n R,\n \n \n Crowe\n M,\n \n \n Edwards\n A,\n \n \n Halson\n S.\n \n \n Team sport athletes\u2019 perceptions and use of recovery strategies: a mixed-methods survey study. 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Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(6):1252\u20131260. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001223"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-59-3-317-b31","series-title":"J Physiol Sci","first-page":"13","article-title":"Males benefit more from cold water immersion during repeated handgrip contractions than females despite similar oxygen kinetics","volume":"70","author":"Bal\u00e1\u0161","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bal\u00e1\u0161\n J,\n \n \n Kodej\u0161ka\n J,\n \n \n Krupkov\u00e1\n D,\n \n \n Giles\n D.\n \n \n Males benefit more from cold water immersion during repeated handgrip contractions than females despite similar oxygen kinetics. 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