{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T04:16:19Z","timestamp":1749701779827,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"\n Context<\/jats:title>\n Understanding former professional football players\u2019 engagement with health-promoting behaviors (physical exercise, high-quality diet, and good sleep hygiene) will be helpful for developing lifestyle interventions to improve their feelings of well-being, a relatively understudied facet of health among this population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n Examine associations among health-promoting behaviors and subjective outcomes related to well-being among former National Football League (NFL) players.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Cross-sectional.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Online or hard-copy survey.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n Former NFL players.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n Self-reported health-promoting behaviors (exercise frequency, diet quality, and sleep duration and disturbance) and factors related to well-being (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System - Meaning and Purpose [MP], Self-Efficacy, and Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities [SRA]). Multivariable linear regression models were fit for each well-being-related factor with health-promoting behaviors as explanatory variables alongside select demographic, behavioral, and functional covariates. Models were fit for the full sample and separately for individual age groups: <30 years, 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, and 70+ years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 1784 former NFL players (aged 52.3 \u00b1 16.3 years) completed the survey. Lower sleep disturbance was associated with better MP (\u03b2 [standard error] = \u20130.196 [0.024]), Self-Efficacy (\u03b2 [standard error] = \u20130.185 [0.024]), and SRA (\u03b2 [standard error]= \u20130.137 [0.017]) in the full sample and almost all the individual age groups. More frequent moderate-to-vigorous exercise was associated with higher MP (\u03b2 [standard error] = 0.068 [0.025]) and SRA (\u03b2 [standard error] = 0.151 [0.065]) in the full sample and with better MP, Self-Efficacy, and SRA among select middle-aged groups (between 40 and 69 years old). Diet quality, resistance training exercise frequency, other wellness activity frequency, and sleep duration were not associated with well-being-related factors in the full group, and sparse significant associations were observed in individual age group models.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Lower sleep disturbance and more frequent moderate-to-vigorous exercise frequency may be important targets for improving overall health and well-being among former NFL players.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0537.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,17]],"date-time":"2024-09-17T17:03:54Z","timestamp":1726592634000},"page":"185-197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Health-Promoting Behaviors and Their Associations With Factors Related to Well-Being Among Former National Football League Players: An NFL-LONG Study"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Walton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"},{"name":"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin A.","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbie E.","family":"Smith-Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Stoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary Yukio","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin L.","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avinash","family":"Chandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"},{"name":"Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. D.","family":"DeFreese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebekah","family":"Mannix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, MA"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Landon B.","family":"Lempke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Concussion Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruben J.","family":"Echemendia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Missouri\u2013Kansas City"},{"name":"University Orthopedics Center Concussion Clinic, State College, PA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Guskiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Meehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA"},{"name":"Sports Medicine Division, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopedics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Dr Lempke is now at Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-185-b01","series-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Relationships between body weight change and cardiovascular disease risk factors in male former athletes","volume":"25","author":"Pihl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pihl\n E,\n \n \n J\u00fcrim\u00e4e\n T.\n \n \n Relationships between body weight change and cardiovascular disease risk factors in male former athletes. 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Accessed May 26, 2022. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/350161"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-185-b16","series-title":"Soc Indic Res","first-page":"287","article-title":"The mid-life dip in well-being: a critique","volume":"161","author":"Blanchflower","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blanchflower\n DG,\n \n \n Graham\n CL.\n \n \n The mid-life dip in well-being: a critique. Soc Indic Res. 2022;161(1):287\u2013344. doi:10.1007\/s11205-021-02773-w"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-185-b17","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Relating American football age of first exposure to patient-reported outcomes and medical diagnoses among former National Football League players: an NFL-LONG study","volume":"53","author":"Lempke","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lempke\n LB,\n \n \n Walton\n SR,\n \n \n Brett\n BL,\n \n et al.\n \n Relating American football age of first exposure to patient-reported outcomes and medical diagnoses among former National Football League players: an NFL-LONG study. 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