{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:23:46Z","timestamp":1790900626693,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nondisclosed sport-related concussion symptoms pose a significant risk to athletes\u2019 health and well-being. Many researchers have focused on understanding the factors affecting athletes\u2019 concussion disclosure behaviors. One of the most robust predictors of the likelihood that an athlete will disclose concussion symptoms to their coaches, athletic trainers, parents, or peers is what researchers term social norms. The extant literature regarding social norms influencing concussion disclosure behaviors is inconsistent on how the construct should be defined, conceptualized, or measured, often failing to distinguish between descriptive and injunctive social norms and their sources (direct and indirect). In this technical note, we provide an overview of these critical distinctions, their importance in assessments, and examples from the literature in which scholars have correctly operationalized these constructs in athletic populations. We conclude with a brief set of suggestions for researchers seeking to measure social norms in future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0545.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T09:30:49Z","timestamp":1705743049000},"page":"809-813","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Social Norms and Concussion Disclosure Behavior: Clarification of Terms and Measurement Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Monica R.","family":"Lininger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"* Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020 Interdisciplinary Health, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Wayment","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021 Department of Psychological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E60","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000503","article-title":"Increasing incidence of concussion: true epidemic or better recognition","volume":"35","author":"Langer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.08.016","article-title":"Barriers to the implementation of state concussion laws within high schools","volume":"66","author":"Coxe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b03","unstructured":"Concussion safety protocol management\n          . National Collegiate Athletic Association. Accessed August 4, 2023. https:\/\/www.ncaa.org\/sports\/2016\/7\/20\/concussion-safety-protocol-management.aspx"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-021-01428-7","article-title":"Data-driven risk classification of concussion rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Van Pelt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.09.006","article-title":"Factors and expectations influencing concussion disclosure within NCAA Division I athletes: a mixed methodological approach","volume":"12","author":"Kay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organ Behav Hum Decis Process"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.3.20","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and concussion-reporting behaviors among high school athletes: a preliminary study","volume":"48","author":"Register-Mihalik","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.11.011","article-title":"Understanding concussion reporting using a model based on the theory of planned behavior","volume":"54","author":"Kroshus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00329.x","article-title":"An explication of social norms","volume":"15","author":"Lapinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Commun Theory"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00288.x","article-title":"Understanding the influence of perceived norms on behaviors","volume":"13","author":"Rimal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commun Theory"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088609077249","article-title":"Perceiving the community norms of alcohol use among students: some research implications for campus alcohol education programming","volume":"21","author":"Perkins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Addict"},{"key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60330-5","article-title":"A focus theory of normative conduct: a theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior","volume":"24","author":"Cialdini","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv Exp Soc Psychol"},{"key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b13","unstructured":"Fishbein\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Ajzen\n              I.\n            \n          \n          \n            Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research\n          . Addison-Wesley; 1975. https:\/\/people.umass.edu\/aizen\/f&a1975.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2020.1719493","article-title":"Perceived social norms and concussion-disclosure behaviours among first-year NCAA student-athletes: implications for concussion prevention and education","volume":"29","author":"Register-Mihalik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2019.1586706","article-title":"Investigation of strategies to improve concussion reporting in American football","volume":"28","author":"Craig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Sports Med"},{"key":"2024081523510100900_i1938-162X-59-8-809-b16","unstructured":"Francis\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Eccles\n              MP,\n            \n            \n              Johnston\n              M,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          \n            Constructing Questionnaires Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Manual for Health Services Researchers\n          . Centre for Health Services Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne; 2004. https:\/\/openaccess.city.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/1735\/"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/59\/8\/809\/3418537\/i1938-162x-59-8-809.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/59\/8\/809\/3418537\/i1938-162x-59-8-809.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T19:01:22Z","timestamp":1749668482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/59\/8\/article-p809.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-0545.23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1938-162X","1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1938-162X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}}}