{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T17:18:45Z","timestamp":1771003125775,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>People with a history of COVID-19 may experience persistent neuropsychological disruptions such as lower satisfaction with life, depression, and anxiety. Although student-athletes are at low risk for severe COVID-19 complications, the effect of COVID-19 on mental health has not been elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To compare patient-reported mental health outcomes for incoming collegiate athletes with (COVID+) or without (COVID\u2212) a history of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 178 student-athletes, consisting of 79 in the COVID+ group (44.3%; age = 18.90 \u00b1 0.16 years) and 99 in the COVID\u2212 group (55.6%; age = 18.95 \u00b1 0.16 years).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants completed the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Unadjusted 1-way analyses of variance were conducted across all patient-reported outcomes. Analyses of covariance were calculated to determine the interaction of COVID-19 group, sex, and race and ethnicity on outcomes. Post hoc Bonferroni testing was performed to identify specific differences between groups. A \u03c72 analysis was computed to compare the number of athletes in each group who met the standard clinical cut points.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We observed a between-groups difference for HADS depression (P = .047), whereby athletes in the COVID+ group had higher ratings (2.86 \u00b1 0.26). We found group differences for the SWLS (P = .02), HADS anxiety (P = .003), and STAI state anxiety (P = .01) such that all scores were higher for the COVID+ group in the adjusted model. Post hoc testing revealed that female student-athletes in the COVID+ group had worse HADS anxiety (P = .01) and STAI trait anxiety (P = .002) scores than individuals in all other groups. We did not demonstrate differences between groups in the percentage of responses below established diagnostic thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Incoming collegiate student-athletes who reported a previous COVID-19 diagnosis displayed higher depression scores, suggesting that clinicians may need to provide appropriate identification and referral for mental health conditions. However, we were encouraged that most participants, regardless of a history of COVID-19 diagnosis, had mental health scores that did not exceed established diagnostic threshold values.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0554.22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T03:18:14Z","timestamp":1685416694000},"page":"895-901","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Self-Reported Mental Health Measures of Incoming Collegiate Student-Athletes With a History of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Melissa N.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin A.","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott W.","family":"Passalugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jake M.","family":"Nimeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark. Dr Anderson is now with the Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute and the College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b01","unstructured":"WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard.\nWorld Health Organization. Accessed July 24, 2023. https:\/\/covid19.who.int"},{"issue":"6)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0234765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234765","article-title":"The prevalence of symptoms in 24\u2009410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries","volume":"15","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20837","article-title":"The emergence of cognitive COVID","volume":"20","author":"Ritchie","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2020.1757052","article-title":"COVID 19 and its mental health consequences","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.02.021","article-title":"Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up","volume":"94","author":"Mazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"2)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30462-4","article-title":"Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62\u2009354 COVID-19 cases in the USA","volume":"8","author":"Taquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b07","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects brain astrocytes of COVID-19 patients and impairs neuronal viability","author":"Crunfli","journal-title":"Research Square"},{"key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120162","article-title":"Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"434","author":"Premraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"18)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184142","article-title":"Biomarkers of post-COVID depression","volume":"10","author":"Lorkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2018.11.005","article-title":"Is regular physical activity a key to mental health? Commentary on \u201cAssociation between physical exercise and mental health in 1.2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: a cross-sectional study,\u201d by Chekroud et al, published in Lancet Psychiatry","volume":"8","author":"Elbe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"3)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738113480464","article-title":"Susceptibility for depression in current and retired student athletes","volume":"5","author":"Weigand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-200","article-title":"So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from?","volume":"11","author":"Berk","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.109023","article-title":"Inflammation at the crossroads of COVID-19, cognitive deficits and depression","volume":"209","author":"Lyra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"1)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13","article-title":"The Satisfaction With Life Scale","volume":"49","author":"Diener","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"issue":"8)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0875-7","article-title":"Baseline performance of NCAA athletes on a concussion assessment battery: a report from the CARE Consortium","volume":"48","author":"Katz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-006-0141-0","article-title":"Mood state and psychological adjustment to pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Hart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"3)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783","article-title":"Statistical power analysis","volume":"1","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.3\/bbandelow","article-title":"Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century","volume":"17","author":"Bandelow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S128584","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in depression: current perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"1)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14506","article-title":"The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"1486","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0763-z","article-title":"Normative data for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale","volume":"24","author":"Breeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"6)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1659","article-title":"Mental disorders top the list of the most costly conditions in the United States: $201 billion","volume":"35","author":"Roehrig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"9)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30227-X","article-title":"Association between physical exercise and mental health in 1.2 million individuals in the USA between 2011 and 2015: a cross-sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Chekroud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00001504-200503000-00013","article-title":"Exercise and well-being: a review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity","volume":"18","author":"Penedo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b25","unstructured":"Spielberger\n              CD\n            ,\nGorsuchRL,\nLusheneR,\nVaggPR,\nJacobsGA.\n          \n            Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory\n          .\nConsulting Psychologists Press; 1983. Found at https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Ft06496-000"},{"issue":"5)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0813-0","article-title":"Test-retest reliability and interpretation of common concussion assessment tools: findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium","volume":"48","author":"Broglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-014-0798-0","article-title":"Why grateful adolescent athletes are more satisfied with their life: the mediating role of perceived team cohesion","volume":"124","author":"Hung Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"issue":"5)","key":"2023111600091673400_i1062-6050-58-10-895-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0595.21","article-title":"Clinical mental health measures and prediction of postconcussion musculoskeletal injury","volume":"58","author":"Buckley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Athl Train"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/58\/10\/895\/3289989\/i1062-6050-58-10-895.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/58\/10\/895\/3289989\/i1062-6050-58-10-895.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T19:01:19Z","timestamp":1749668479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/58\/10\/article-p895.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-0554.22","relation":{},"ISSN":["1938-162X","1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1938-162X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}