{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:45:04Z","timestamp":1770813904663,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with patellofemoral pain (PFP) commonly have hip muscle weakness in comparison with women without PFP. One underlying mechanism for this muscle weakness is inhibition. Although the presence of muscle weakness is well documented in women with PFP, few authors have investigated gluteus medius inhibition in this population. Women are twice as likely to suffer from PFP when compared with men; therefore, we focused on the female population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare voluntary activation of the gluteus medius between women with and without PFP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-eight female participants: 13 pain-free control participants (age = 21.6 \u00b1 3.6 years, height = 1.66 \u00b1 0.06 m, mass = 65.4 \u00b1 11.3 kg) and 15 participants with PFP (age = 22.3 \u00b1 3.2 years, height = 1.66 \u00b1 0.07 m, mass = 75.3 \u00b1 22.6 kg, duration of pain = 3.5\u201396 months).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standing hip-abduction normalized strength (N\u00b7m\/kg), superimposed-burst force, and gluteus medius central activation ratio (CAR). Linear modeling was used to compare forces and the CAR between groups while controlling for age, mass, and hip-abduction force.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Women with PFP had lower gluteus medius CAR than controls. Overall, after controlling for participant age, mass, and gluteus medius maximal voluntary isometric contraction, the PFP group had an average gluteus medius CAR 2.5% lower than the pain-free control group (control = 98.4% \u00b1 0.01%, PFP = 95.9% \u00b1 0.65%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with PFP had reduced voluntary activation of the gluteus medius when assessed with a superimposed burst. Due to the wide range of CAR values found (74%\u201399%), inhibition was present in some of the participants. This provides evidence that assessment of gluteal voluntary activation could assist with targeted treatment programs for individuals presenting with PFP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0590.24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:17Z","timestamp":1752537617000},"page":"756-762","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of Gluteus Medius Muscle Activation in Women With and Without Patellofemoral Pain"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Michelle N.","family":"Samuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szu-Ping","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hooyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neal R.","family":"Glaviano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b01","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"281","article-title":"Demographic and epidemiological trends in patellofemoral pain","volume":"10","author":"Glaviano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glaviano NR,\nKew M,\nHart JM,\nSaliba S. Demographic and epidemiological trends in patellofemoral pain. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015;10(3):281\u2013290."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b02","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"18","article-title":"Patello-femoral arthralgia in athletes attending a sports injury clinic","volume":"18","author":"Devereaux","year":"1984","unstructured":"Devereaux MD,\nLachmann SM. Patello-femoral arthralgia in athletes attending a sports injury clinic. Br J Sports Med. 1984;18(1):18\u201321. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.18.1.18"},{"issue":"14","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b03","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"844","article-title":"2016 Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, part II: recommended physical interventions (exercise, taping, bracing, foot orthoses and combined interventions)","volume":"50","author":"Crossley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crossley KM,\nvan Middelkoop M,\nCallaghan MJ,\nCollins NJ,\nRathleff MS,\nBarton CJ. 2016 Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, part II: recommended physical interventions (exercise, taping, bracing, foot orthoses and combined interventions). Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(14):844\u2013852. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096268"},{"issue":"24","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b04","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"1713","article-title":"Evidence-based framework for a pathomechanical model of patellofemoral pain: 2017 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, UK, part III","volume":"51","author":"Powers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Powers CM,\nWitvrouw E,\nDavis IS,\nCrossley KM. Evidence-based framework for a pathomechanical model of patellofemoral pain: 2017 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, UK, part III . Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(24):1713\u20131723. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098717"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b05","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"270","article-title":"Risk factors for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Neal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neal BS,\nLack SD,\nLankhorst NE,\nRaye A,\nMorrissey D,\nvan Middelkoop M. Risk factors for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(5):270\u2013281. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098890"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b06","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"42","article-title":"The influence of abnormal hip mechanics on knee injury: a biomechanical perspective","volume":"40","author":"Powers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Powers CM. The influence of abnormal hip mechanics on knee injury: a biomechanical perspective. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40(2):42\u201351. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2010.3337"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b07","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"193","article-title":"Factors associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Lankhorst","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lankhorst NE,\nBierma-Zeinstra SM,\nvan Middelkoop M. Factors associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(4):193\u2013206. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090369"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b08","series-title":"Aust J Physiother","first-page":"9","article-title":"Females with patellofemoral pain syndrome have weak hip muscles: a systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Prins","year":"2009","unstructured":"Prins MR,\nvan der Wurff P. Females with patellofemoral pain syndrome have weak hip muscles: a systematic review. Aust J Physiother. 2009;55(1):9\u201315. doi:10.1016\/S0004-9514(09)70055-8"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b09","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"A1","article-title":"Patellofemoral pain: proximal, distal, and local factors\u2014second International Research Retreat, August 31\u2013September 2, 2011, Ghent, Belgium","volume":"42","author":"Powers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Powers CM,\nBolgla LA,\nCallaghan MJ,\nCollins N,\nSheehan FT. Patellofemoral pain: proximal, distal, and local factors\u2014second International Research Retreat, August 31\u2013September 2, 2011, Ghent, Belgium. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2012;42(6):A1\u2013A54. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2012.0301"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b10","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"12","article-title":"Differences in hip kinematics, muscle strength, and muscle activation between subjects with and without patellofemoral pain","volume":"39","author":"Souza","year":"2009","unstructured":"Souza RB,\nPowers CM. Differences in hip kinematics, muscle strength, and muscle activation between subjects with and without patellofemoral pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(1):12\u201319. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2009.2885"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b11","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"207","article-title":"Gluteal muscle activity and patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Barton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barton CJ,\nLack S,\nMalliaras P,\nMorrissey D. Gluteal muscle activity and patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(4):207\u2013214. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2012-090953"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b12","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1428","article-title":"Outcomes of a weight-bearing rehabilitation program for patients diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Boling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Boling MC,\nBolgla LA,\nMattacola CG,\nUhl TL,\nHosey RG. Outcomes of a weight-bearing rehabilitation program for patients diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(11):1428\u20131435. doi:10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.07.264"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b13","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"142","article-title":"Changes in knee biomechanics after a hip-abductor strengthening protocol for runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"46","author":"Ferber","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ferber R,\nKendall KD,\nFarr L. Changes in knee biomechanics after a hip-abductor strengthening protocol for runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Athl Train. 2011;46(2):142\u2013149. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-46.2.142"},{"issue":"9","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b14","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"625","article-title":"The effect of a hip-strengthening program on mechanics during running and during a single-leg squat","volume":"41","author":"Willy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willy RW,\nDavis IS. The effect of a hip-strengthening program on mechanics during running and during a single-leg squat. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011;41(9):625\u2013632. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2011.3470"},{"key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b15","series-title":"Med Hypotheses","first-page":"9","article-title":"Gluteal muscle inhibition: consequences of patellofemoral pain","volume":"126","author":"Glaviano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Glaviano NR,\nBazett-Jones DM,\nNorte G. Gluteal muscle inhibition: consequences of patellofemoral pain? Med Hypotheses. 2019;126:9\u201314. doi:10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.02.046"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b16","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"87","article-title":"Quadriceps activation following knee injuries: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Hart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hart JM,\nPietrosimone B,\nHertel J,\nIngersoll CD. Quadriceps activation following knee injuries: a systematic review. 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J Sport Rehabil. 2019;29(7):956\u2013962. doi:10.1123\/jsr.2019-0243"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b19","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","first-page":"676","article-title":"Gluteal central activation in females with patellofemoral pain: a preliminary study","volume":"31","author":"Glaviano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Glaviano NR,\nNorte GE. Gluteal central activation in females with patellofemoral pain: a preliminary study. J Sport Rehabil. 2021;31(6):676\u2013683. doi:10.1123\/jsr.2021-0093"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b20","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e296","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"4","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E,\nAltman DG,\nEgger M,\nPocock SJ,\nG\u00f8tzsche PC,\nVandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. PLoS Med. 2007;4(10):e296. doi:10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296"},{"issue":"20","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b21","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"1135","article-title":"REPORT-PFP: a consensus from the International Patellofemoral Research Network to improve REPORTing of quantitative PatelloFemoral Pain studies","volume":"55","author":"Barton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barton CJ,\nDe Oliveira Silva D,\nMorton S, et al. REPORT-PFP: a consensus from the International Patellofemoral Research Network to improve REPORTing of quantitative PatelloFemoral Pain studies. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(20):1135\u20131143. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103700"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b22","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"781","article-title":"Is body mass index associated with patellofemoral pain and patellofemoral osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-regression and analysis","volume":"51","author":"Hart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hart HF,\nBarton CJ,\nKhan KM,\nRiel H,\nCrossley KM. Is body mass index associated with patellofemoral pain and patellofemoral osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-regression and analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(10):781\u2013790. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096768"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b23","series-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","first-page":"286","article-title":"Age-related changes in maximal hip strength and movement speed","volume":"59","author":"Dean","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dean JC,\nKuo AD,\nAlexander NB. Age-related changes in maximal hip strength and movement speed. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(3):286\u2013292. doi:10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.m286"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b24","series-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol","first-page":"503","article-title":"Data transformation: a focus on the interpretation","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee DK. Data transformation: a focus on the interpretation. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2020;73(6):503\u2013508. doi:10.4097\/kja.20137"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b25","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)","first-page":"735","article-title":"Gluteal muscle activation during running in females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Willson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willson JD,\nKernozek TW,\nArndt RL,\nReznichek DA,\nScott Straker J. Gluteal muscle activation during running in females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2011;26(7):735\u2013740. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.02.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b26","series-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)","first-page":"380","article-title":"Anterior knee pain: a long-term follow-up","volume":"42","author":"Stathopulu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stathopulu E,\nBaildam E. Anterior knee pain: a long-term follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42(2):380\u2013382. doi:10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg093"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b27","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"373","article-title":"Chronic traumatic anterior knee pain","volume":"31","author":"Price","year":"2000","unstructured":"Price AJ,\nJones J,\nAllum R. Chronic traumatic anterior knee pain. Injury. 2000;31(5):373\u2013378. doi:10.1016\/S0020-1383(00)00006-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b28","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"36","article-title":"The natural history of anterior knee pain in adolescents","volume":"67","author":"Sandow","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sandow MJ,\nGoodfellow JW. The natural history of anterior knee pain in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67(1):36\u201338. doi:10.1302\/0301-620X.67B1.3968140"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b29","series-title":"Clin Rehabil","first-page":"1051","article-title":"The effect of additional strengthening of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakagawa TH,\nMuniz TB,\nde Marche Baldon R,\nDias Maciel C,\nde Menezes Reiff RB,\nSerr\u00e3o FV. The effect of additional strengthening of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1051\u20131060. doi:10.1177\/0269215508095357"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b30","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"926","article-title":"Pain, function, and strength outcomes for males and females with patellofemoral pain who participate in either a hip\/core- or knee-based rehabilitation program","volume":"11","author":"Bolgla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bolgla LA,\nEarl-Boehm J,\nEmery C,\nHamstra-Wright K,\nFerber R. Pain, function, and strength outcomes for males and females with patellofemoral pain who participate in either a hip\/core- or knee-based rehabilitation program. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016;11(6):926\u2013935."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b31","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"560","article-title":"Hip strengthening prior to functional exercises reduces pain sooner than quadriceps strengthening in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Dolak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dolak KL,\nSilkman C,\nMedina McKeon J,\nHosey RG,\nLattermann C,\nUhl TL. Hip strengthening prior to functional exercises reduces pain sooner than quadriceps strengthening in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011;41(8):560\u2013570. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2011.3499"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b32","series-title":"Physiother Res Int","first-page":"22","article-title":"Individualized physiotherapy in the treatment of patellofemoral pain","volume":"20","author":"Keays","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keays SL,\nMason M,\nNewcombe PA. Individualized physiotherapy in the treatment of patellofemoral pain. Physiother Res Int. 2015;20(1):22\u201336. doi:10.1002\/pri.1593"},{"issue":"14","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b33","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"873","article-title":"Are there three main subgroups within the patellofemoral pain population? A detailed characterisation study of 127 patients to help develop targeted intervention (TIPPs)","volume":"50","author":"Selfe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Selfe J,\nJanssen J,\nCallaghan M, et al. Are there three main subgroups within the patellofemoral pain population? A detailed characterisation study of 127 patients to help develop targeted intervention (TIPPs). Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(14):873\u2013880. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094792"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b34","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","first-page":"717","article-title":"Arthrogenic muscle inhibition: best evidence, mechanisms, and theory for treating the unseen in clinical rehabilitation","volume":"31","author":"Norte","year":"2022","unstructured":"Norte G,\nRush J,\nSherman D. Arthrogenic muscle inhibition: best evidence, mechanisms, and theory for treating the unseen in clinical rehabilitation. J Sport Rehabil. 2022;31(6):717\u2013735. doi:10.1123\/jsr.2021-0139"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b01","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"281","article-title":"Demographic and epidemiological trends in patellofemoral pain","volume":"10","author":"Glaviano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glaviano NR,\nKew M,\nHart JM,\nSaliba S. Demographic and epidemiological trends in patellofemoral pain. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015;10(3):281\u2013290."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b02","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"18","article-title":"Patello-femoral arthralgia in athletes attending a sports injury clinic","volume":"18","author":"Devereaux","year":"1984","unstructured":"Devereaux MD,\nLachmann SM. Patello-femoral arthralgia in athletes attending a sports injury clinic. Br J Sports Med. 1984;18(1):18\u201321. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.18.1.18"},{"issue":"14","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b03","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"844","article-title":"2016 Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, part II: recommended physical interventions (exercise, taping, bracing, foot orthoses and combined interventions)","volume":"50","author":"Crossley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Crossley KM,\nvan Middelkoop M,\nCallaghan MJ,\nCollins NJ,\nRathleff MS,\nBarton CJ. 2016 Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, part II: recommended physical interventions (exercise, taping, bracing, foot orthoses and combined interventions). Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(14):844\u2013852. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096268"},{"issue":"24","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b04","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"1713","article-title":"Evidence-based framework for a pathomechanical model of patellofemoral pain: 2017 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, UK, part III","volume":"51","author":"Powers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Powers CM,\nWitvrouw E,\nDavis IS,\nCrossley KM. Evidence-based framework for a pathomechanical model of patellofemoral pain: 2017 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, UK, part III . Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(24):1713\u20131723. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098717"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b05","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"270","article-title":"Risk factors for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Neal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Neal BS,\nLack SD,\nLankhorst NE,\nRaye A,\nMorrissey D,\nvan Middelkoop M. Risk factors for patellofemoral pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(5):270\u2013281. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098890"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b06","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"42","article-title":"The influence of abnormal hip mechanics on knee injury: a biomechanical perspective","volume":"40","author":"Powers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Powers CM. The influence of abnormal hip mechanics on knee injury: a biomechanical perspective. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40(2):42\u201351. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2010.3337"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b07","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"193","article-title":"Factors associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Lankhorst","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lankhorst NE,\nBierma-Zeinstra SM,\nvan Middelkoop M. Factors associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(4):193\u2013206. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2011-090369"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b08","series-title":"Aust J Physiother","first-page":"9","article-title":"Females with patellofemoral pain syndrome have weak hip muscles: a systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Prins","year":"2009","unstructured":"Prins MR,\nvan der Wurff P. Females with patellofemoral pain syndrome have weak hip muscles: a systematic review. 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The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. PLoS Med. 2007;4(10):e296. doi:10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296"},{"issue":"20","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b21","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"1135","article-title":"REPORT-PFP: a consensus from the International Patellofemoral Research Network to improve REPORTing of quantitative PatelloFemoral Pain studies","volume":"55","author":"Barton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barton CJ,\nDe Oliveira Silva D,\nMorton S, et al. REPORT-PFP: a consensus from the International Patellofemoral Research Network to improve REPORTing of quantitative PatelloFemoral Pain studies. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(20):1135\u20131143. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103700"},{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b22","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"781","article-title":"Is body mass index associated with patellofemoral pain and patellofemoral osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-regression and analysis","volume":"51","author":"Hart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hart HF,\nBarton CJ,\nKhan KM,\nRiel H,\nCrossley KM. Is body mass index associated with patellofemoral pain and patellofemoral osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-regression and analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(10):781\u2013790. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096768"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b23","series-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci","first-page":"286","article-title":"Age-related changes in maximal hip strength and movement speed","volume":"59","author":"Dean","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dean JC,\nKuo AD,\nAlexander NB. Age-related changes in maximal hip strength and movement speed. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(3):286\u2013292. doi:10.1093\/gerona\/59.3.m286"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b24","series-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol","first-page":"503","article-title":"Data transformation: a focus on the interpretation","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee DK. Data transformation: a focus on the interpretation. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2020;73(6):503\u2013508. doi:10.4097\/kja.20137"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b25","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)","first-page":"735","article-title":"Gluteal muscle activation during running in females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Willson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Willson JD,\nKernozek TW,\nArndt RL,\nReznichek DA,\nScott Straker J. Gluteal muscle activation during running in females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2011;26(7):735\u2013740. doi:10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2011.02.012"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b26","series-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)","first-page":"380","article-title":"Anterior knee pain: a long-term follow-up","volume":"42","author":"Stathopulu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stathopulu E,\nBaildam E. Anterior knee pain: a long-term follow-up. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;42(2):380\u2013382. doi:10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg093"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b27","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"373","article-title":"Chronic traumatic anterior knee pain","volume":"31","author":"Price","year":"2000","unstructured":"Price AJ,\nJones J,\nAllum R. Chronic traumatic anterior knee pain. Injury. 2000;31(5):373\u2013378. doi:10.1016\/S0020-1383(00)00006-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b28","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"36","article-title":"The natural history of anterior knee pain in adolescents","volume":"67","author":"Sandow","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sandow MJ,\nGoodfellow JW. The natural history of anterior knee pain in adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67(1):36\u201338. doi:10.1302\/0301-620X.67B1.3968140"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b29","series-title":"Clin Rehabil","first-page":"1051","article-title":"The effect of additional strengthening of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakagawa TH,\nMuniz TB,\nde Marche Baldon R,\nDias Maciel C,\nde Menezes Reiff RB,\nSerr\u00e3o FV. The effect of additional strengthening of hip abductor and lateral rotator muscles in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clin Rehabil. 2008;22(12):1051\u20131060. doi:10.1177\/0269215508095357"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b30","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"926","article-title":"Pain, function, and strength outcomes for males and females with patellofemoral pain who participate in either a hip\/core- or knee-based rehabilitation program","volume":"11","author":"Bolgla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bolgla LA,\nEarl-Boehm J,\nEmery C,\nHamstra-Wright K,\nFerber R. Pain, function, and strength outcomes for males and females with patellofemoral pain who participate in either a hip\/core- or knee-based rehabilitation program. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016;11(6):926\u2013935."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b31","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"560","article-title":"Hip strengthening prior to functional exercises reduces pain sooner than quadriceps strengthening in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Dolak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dolak KL,\nSilkman C,\nMedina McKeon J,\nHosey RG,\nLattermann C,\nUhl TL. Hip strengthening prior to functional exercises reduces pain sooner than quadriceps strengthening in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2011;41(8):560\u2013570. doi:10.2519\/jospt.2011.3499"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b32","series-title":"Physiother Res Int","first-page":"22","article-title":"Individualized physiotherapy in the treatment of patellofemoral pain","volume":"20","author":"Keays","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keays SL,\nMason M,\nNewcombe PA. Individualized physiotherapy in the treatment of patellofemoral pain. Physiother Res Int. 2015;20(1):22\u201336. doi:10.1002\/pri.1593"},{"issue":"14","key":"i1938-162X-60-11-756-b33","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"873","article-title":"Are there three main subgroups within the patellofemoral pain population? A detailed characterisation study of 127 patients to help develop targeted intervention (TIPPs)","volume":"50","author":"Selfe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Selfe J,\nJanssen J,\nCallaghan M, et al. Are there three main subgroups within the patellofemoral pain population? 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