{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T02:15:52Z","timestamp":1778552152106,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several factors influence recovery times after sport-related concussion (SRC) in adolescent athletes. Sex (male versus female) and on-field evaluation by an athletic trainer (AT) have been shown to affect recovery, yet the interaction between these variables has not been evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the associations between (1) athlete sex and on-field AT evaluation, (2) athlete sex and recovery times after SRC, and (3) the interaction between sex, on-field evaluations by an AT, and recovery. Demographics, medical history, and initial presentation variables were reported for the cohort, and group differences (male versus female) were presented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regional sport concussion center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent athletes aged 14 to 18 years evaluated at a regional concussion center between November 2017 and April 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary exposure variables were sex and receiving an on-field AT evaluation. Primary outcomes were time to return to learn, symptom resolution, and return to play, measured in days since injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 832 athletes (average age = 16.2 \u00b1 1.2 years) were included, of whom 279 (33.5%) were female. A significantly higher percentage of males received an on-field AT evaluation compared with females (40.3% versus 32.3%, \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 8.677,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .013). Males presented with lower initial Post-Concussion Symptom Scale scores compared with females (21.4 \u00b1 21.0 versus 34.9 \u00b1 26.5,\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7.448,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .001), although recovery timelines did not differ. In a 2-way analysis of variance, receiving an on-field AT evaluation was associated with a shorter time to symptom resolution (21.6 \u00b1 23.6 versus 27.8 \u00b1 23.2,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .01), measured in days, but there was no interaction between sex and on-field AT evaluation (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1,462<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 0.011,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .92).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Males received an on-field AT evaluation more often than females. Receiving an on-field AT evaluation was significantly associated with a shorter time to symptom resolution after an SRC; this association did not differ between sexes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0596.25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:52:00Z","timestamp":1770771120000},"page":"315-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex Differences in Athletic Trainer Coverage and Recovery After Sport-Related Concussion in High School Athletes"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Kristen","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Finch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna J.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soren","family":"Jonzzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Prozak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine S.","family":"Hajdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Gifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott L.","family":"Zuckerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b01","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"747","article-title":"Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports","volume":"40","author":"Marar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marar M,\nMcIlvain NM,\nFields SK,\nComstock RD. Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(4):747\u2013755. doi:10.1177\/0363546511435626"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b02","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20192180","article-title":"Concussion incidence and trends in 20 high school sports","volume":"144","author":"Kerr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kerr ZY,\nChandran A,\nNedimyer AK,\nArakkal A,\nPierpoint LA,\nZuckerman SL. Concussion incidence and trends in 20 high school sports. Pediatrics. 2019;144(5):e20192180. doi:10.1542\/peds.2019-2180"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b03","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Prevalence of concussion among US adolescents and correlated factors","volume":"318","author":"Veliz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Veliz P,\nMcCabe SE,\nEckner JT,\nSchulenberg JE. Prevalence of concussion among US adolescents and correlated factors. JAMA. 2017;318(12):1180\u20131182. doi:10.1001\/jama.2017.9087"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b04","series-title":"Sport Sci Health","first-page":"155","article-title":"International perspectives on trends in paediatric sports-related concussion: knowledge, management, unanswered questions","volume":"19","author":"Henley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henley SJ,\nDraper N. International perspectives on trends in paediatric sports-related concussion: knowledge, management, unanswered questions. Sport Sci Health. 2023;19(1):155\u2013166. doi:10.1007\/s11332-022-01014-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b05","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"15","article-title":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport","volume":"47","author":"Harmon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harmon KG,\nDrezner JA,\nGammons M, et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(1):15\u201326. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091941"},{"issue":"9","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b06","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","first-page":"722","article-title":"Initial symptom burden predicts duration of symptoms after concussion","volume":"19","author":"Meehan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meehan WP III,\nO\u2019Brien MJ,\nGeminiani E,\nMannix R. Initial symptom burden predicts duration of symptoms after concussion. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(9):722\u2013725. doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.12.002"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b07","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"798","article-title":"Clinical recovery from concussion\u2014return to school and sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Putukian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Putukian M,\nPurcell L,\nSchneider KJ, et al. Clinical recovery from concussion\u2014return to school and sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(12):798\u2013809. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106682"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b08","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"165","article-title":"Association of time to initial clinic visit with prolonged recovery in pediatric patients with concussion","volume":"26","author":"Eagle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eagle SR,\nPuligilla A,\nFazio-Sumrok V,\nKegel N,\nCollins MW,\nKontos AP. Association of time to initial clinic visit with prolonged recovery in pediatric patients with concussion. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2020;26(2):165\u2013170. doi:10.3171\/2020.2.PEDS2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b09","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"6","article-title":"Concussion recovery timeline of high school athletes using a stepwise return-to-play protocol: age and sex effects","volume":"55","author":"Tamura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tamura K,\nFurutani T,\nOshiro R,\nOba Y,\nLing A,\nMurata N. Concussion recovery timeline of high school athletes using a stepwise return-to-play protocol: age and sex effects. J Athl Train. 2020;55(1):6\u201310. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-452-18"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b10","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"527","article-title":"Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"Bazarian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bazarian JJ,\nBlyth B,\nMookerjee S,\nHe H,\nMcDermott MP. Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(3):527\u2013539. doi:10.1089\/neu.2009.1068"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b11","series-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol","first-page":"60","article-title":"Incidence and risk of concussions in youth athletes: comparisons of age, sex, concussion history, sport, and football position","volume":"34","author":"Tsushima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsushima WT,\nSiu AM,\nAhn HJ,\nChang BL,\nMurata NM. Incidence and risk of concussions in youth athletes: comparisons of age, sex, concussion history, sport, and football position. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2019;34(1):60\u201369. doi:10.1093\/arclin\/acy019"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b12","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e218191","article-title":"Association of sex with adolescent soccer concussion incidence and characteristics","volume":"4","author":"Bretzin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bretzin AC,\nCovassin T,\nWiebe DJ,\nStewart W. Association of sex with adolescent soccer concussion incidence and characteristics. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(4):e218191. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.8191"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b13","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"91","article-title":"Risk factors for sports concussion: an evidence-based systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Abrahams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abrahams S,\nFie SM,\nPatricios J,\nPosthumus M,\nSeptember AV. Risk factors for sports concussion: an evidence-based systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(2):91\u201397. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092734"},{"issue":"9","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b14","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2263","article-title":"Sex differences in the clinical incidence of concussions, missed school days, and time loss in high school student-athletes: part 1","volume":"46","author":"Bretzin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bretzin AC,\nCovassin T,\nFox ME, et al. Sex differences in the clinical incidence of concussions, missed school days, and time loss in high school student-athletes: part 1. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(9):2263\u20132269. doi:10.1177\/0363546518778251"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b15","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"175","article-title":"Epidemiology of sport-related concussions in high school athletes: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011\u20132012 through 2013\u20132014","volume":"52","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor KL,\nBaker MM,\nDalton SL,\nDompier TP,\nBroglio SP,\nKerr ZY. Epidemiology of sport-related concussions in high school athletes: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011\u20132012 through 2013\u20132014. J Athl Train. 2017;52(3):175\u2013185. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-52.1.15"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b16","series-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)","first-page":"771","article-title":"Gender differences in recovery from sports-related concussion in adolescents","volume":"55","author":"Baker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baker JG,\nLeddy JJ,\nDarling SR,\nShucard J,\nMakdissi M,\nWiller BS. Gender differences in recovery from sports-related concussion in adolescents. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016;55(8):771\u2013775. doi:10.1177\/0009922815606417"},{"issue":"18","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b17","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","first-page":"5814","article-title":"Sex differences in acute and long-term brain recovery after concussion","volume":"42","author":"Churchill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Churchill NW,\nHutchison MG,\nGraham SJ,\nSchweizer TA. Sex differences in acute and long-term brain recovery after concussion. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42(18):5814\u20135826. doi:10.1002\/hbm.25591"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b18","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"76","article-title":"Sex differences in concussion symptoms of high school athletes","volume":"46","author":"Frommer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frommer LJ,\nGurka KK,\nCross KM,\nIngersoll CD,\nComstock RD,\nSaliba SA. Sex differences in concussion symptoms of high school athletes. J Athl Train. 2011;46(1):76\u201384. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-46.1.76"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b19","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"785","article-title":"Sex differences in resource allocation and access to care after sport-related concussion","volume":"59","author":"Prosak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prosak OL,\nHajdu KS,\nAmedy A, et al. Sex differences in resource allocation and access to care after sport-related concussion. J Athl Train. 2024;59(8):785\u2013792. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-0280.23"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b20","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"869","article-title":"Time to authorized clearance from sport-related concussion: the influence of health care provider and medical facility","volume":"56","author":"Bretzin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bretzin AC,\nZynda AJ,\nWiebe DJ,\nCovassin T. Time to authorized clearance from sport-related concussion: the influence of health care provider and medical facility. J Athl Train. 2021;56(8):869\u2013878. doi:10.4085\/JAT0159-20"},{"issue":"24","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b21","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"1387","article-title":"CARE Consortium Investigators. Differences in sport-related concussion for female and male athletes in comparable collegiate sports: a study from the NCAA-DoD Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium","volume":"55","author":"Master","year":"2021","unstructured":"Master CL,\nKatz BP,\nArbogast KB, et al.; CARE Consortium Investigators. Differences in sport-related concussion for female and male athletes in comparable collegiate sports: a study from the NCAA-DoD Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(24):1387\u20131394. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103316"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b22","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"542","article-title":"Disparities in athletic trainer staffing in secondary school sport: implications for concussion identification","volume":"27","author":"Kroshus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kroshus E,\nRivara FP,\nWhitlock KB,\nHerring SA,\nChrisman SPD. Disparities in athletic trainer staffing in secondary school sport: implications for concussion identification. Clin J Sport Med. 2017;27(6):542\u2013547. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000409"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b23","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"838","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2013the 5th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"October 2016","unstructured":"McCrory P,\nMeeuwisse W,\nDvo\u0159\u00e1k J, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2013the 5th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):838\u2013847. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b24","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"435","article-title":"Association of time since injury to the first clinic visit with recovery following concussion","volume":"77","author":"Kontos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kontos AP,\nJorgensen-Wagers K,\nTrbovich AM, et al. Association of time since injury to the first clinic visit with recovery following concussion. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(4):435\u2013440. doi:10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4552"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b25","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"1017","article-title":"The influence of athletic trainers on the incidence and management of concussions in high school athletes","volume":"53","author":"McGuine","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGuine TA,\nPfaller AY,\nPost EG,\nHetzel SJ,\nBrooks A,\nBroglio SP. The influence of athletic trainers on the incidence and management of concussions in high school athletes. J Athl Train. 2018;53(11):1017\u20131024. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-209-18"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b26","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"941","article-title":"Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Iverson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iverson GL,\nGardner AJ,\nTerry DP, et al. Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(12):941\u2013948. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097729"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b27","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"361","article-title":"Factors affecting recovery trajectories in pediatric female concussion","volume":"29","author":"Desai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Desai N,\nWiebe DJ,\nCorwin DJ,\nLockyer JE,\nGrady MF,\nMaster CL. Factors affecting recovery trajectories in pediatric female concussion. Clin J Sport Med. 2019;29(5):361\u2013367. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000646"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b28","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Athletic trainer services in the secondary school setting: the Athletic Training Locations and Services Project","volume":"54","author":"Huggins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huggins RA,\nColeman KA,\nAttanasio SM, et al. Athletic trainer services in the secondary school setting: the Athletic Training Locations and Services Project. J Athl Train. 2019;54(11):1129\u20131139. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-12-19"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b29","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"483","article-title":"The National Sports Safety in Secondary Schools Benchmark (N4SB) study: defining athletic training practice characteristics","volume":"48","author":"McLeod","year":"2013","unstructured":"McLeod TC,\nBliven KC,\nLam KC,\nBay RC,\nValier AR,\nParsons JT. The National Sports Safety in Secondary Schools Benchmark (N4SB) study: defining athletic training practice characteristics. J Athl Train. 2013;48(4):483\u2013492. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-48.4.04"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b30","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"695","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport-Amsterdam, October 2022","volume":"57","author":"Patricios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patricios JS,\nSchneider KJ,\nDvorak J, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport-Amsterdam, October 2022. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(11):695\u2013711. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106898"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b31","series-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol","first-page":"764","article-title":"A novel approach to classifying postconcussion symptoms: the application of a new framework to the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale","volume":"37","author":"Merritt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Merritt VC,\nMeyer JE,\nArnett PA. A novel approach to classifying postconcussion symptoms: the application of a new framework to the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2015;37(7):764\u2013775. doi:10.1080\/13803395.2015.1060950"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b32","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"418","article-title":"Knowledge and management of sports concussions among coaches and certified athletic trainers in Alabama","volume":"107","author":"Naftel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Naftel KG,\nYust EM,\nNichols MH,\nKing WD,\nDavis D. Knowledge and management of sports concussions among coaches and certified athletic trainers in Alabama. South Med J. 2014;107(7):418\u2013423. doi:10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000000136"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b33","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"465","article-title":"Predictors for delayed presentation to a specialty concussion clinic following sport-related concussion","volume":"36","author":"Albert","year":"2025","unstructured":"Albert AN,\nJo J,\nBishay AE, et al. Predictors for delayed presentation to a specialty concussion clinic following sport-related concussion. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2025;36(4):465\u2013472. doi:10.3171\/2025.5.PEDS24657"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b01","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"747","article-title":"Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports","volume":"40","author":"Marar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marar M,\nMcIlvain NM,\nFields SK,\nComstock RD. Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(4):747\u2013755. doi:10.1177\/0363546511435626"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b02","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20192180","article-title":"Concussion incidence and trends in 20 high school sports","volume":"144","author":"Kerr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kerr ZY,\nChandran A,\nNedimyer AK,\nArakkal A,\nPierpoint LA,\nZuckerman SL. Concussion incidence and trends in 20 high school sports. Pediatrics. 2019;144(5):e20192180. doi:10.1542\/peds.2019-2180"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b03","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1180","article-title":"Prevalence of concussion among US adolescents and correlated factors","volume":"318","author":"Veliz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Veliz P,\nMcCabe SE,\nEckner JT,\nSchulenberg JE. Prevalence of concussion among US adolescents and correlated factors. JAMA. 2017;318(12):1180\u20131182. doi:10.1001\/jama.2017.9087"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b04","series-title":"Sport Sci Health","first-page":"155","article-title":"International perspectives on trends in paediatric sports-related concussion: knowledge, management, unanswered questions","volume":"19","author":"Henley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henley SJ,\nDraper N. International perspectives on trends in paediatric sports-related concussion: knowledge, management, unanswered questions. Sport Sci Health. 2023;19(1):155\u2013166. doi:10.1007\/s11332-022-01014-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b05","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"15","article-title":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport","volume":"47","author":"Harmon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harmon KG,\nDrezner JA,\nGammons M, et al. American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(1):15\u201326. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091941"},{"issue":"9","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b06","series-title":"J Sci Med Sport","first-page":"722","article-title":"Initial symptom burden predicts duration of symptoms after concussion","volume":"19","author":"Meehan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meehan WP III,\nO\u2019Brien MJ,\nGeminiani E,\nMannix R. Initial symptom burden predicts duration of symptoms after concussion. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19(9):722\u2013725. doi:10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.12.002"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b07","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"798","article-title":"Clinical recovery from concussion\u2014return to school and sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Putukian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Putukian M,\nPurcell L,\nSchneider KJ, et al. Clinical recovery from concussion\u2014return to school and sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(12):798\u2013809. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2022-106682"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b08","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"165","article-title":"Association of time to initial clinic visit with prolonged recovery in pediatric patients with concussion","volume":"26","author":"Eagle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eagle SR,\nPuligilla A,\nFazio-Sumrok V,\nKegel N,\nCollins MW,\nKontos AP. Association of time to initial clinic visit with prolonged recovery in pediatric patients with concussion. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2020;26(2):165\u2013170. doi:10.3171\/2020.2.PEDS2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b09","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"6","article-title":"Concussion recovery timeline of high school athletes using a stepwise return-to-play protocol: age and sex effects","volume":"55","author":"Tamura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tamura K,\nFurutani T,\nOshiro R,\nOba Y,\nLing A,\nMurata N. Concussion recovery timeline of high school athletes using a stepwise return-to-play protocol: age and sex effects. J Athl Train. 2020;55(1):6\u201310. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-452-18"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b10","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"527","article-title":"Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"27","author":"Bazarian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bazarian JJ,\nBlyth B,\nMookerjee S,\nHe H,\nMcDermott MP. Sex differences in outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(3):527\u2013539. doi:10.1089\/neu.2009.1068"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b11","series-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol","first-page":"60","article-title":"Incidence and risk of concussions in youth athletes: comparisons of age, sex, concussion history, sport, and football position","volume":"34","author":"Tsushima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsushima WT,\nSiu AM,\nAhn HJ,\nChang BL,\nMurata NM. Incidence and risk of concussions in youth athletes: comparisons of age, sex, concussion history, sport, and football position. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2019;34(1):60\u201369. doi:10.1093\/arclin\/acy019"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b12","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e218191","article-title":"Association of sex with adolescent soccer concussion incidence and characteristics","volume":"4","author":"Bretzin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bretzin AC,\nCovassin T,\nWiebe DJ,\nStewart W. Association of sex with adolescent soccer concussion incidence and characteristics. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(4):e218191. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.8191"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b13","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"91","article-title":"Risk factors for sports concussion: an evidence-based systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Abrahams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abrahams S,\nFie SM,\nPatricios J,\nPosthumus M,\nSeptember AV. Risk factors for sports concussion: an evidence-based systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(2):91\u201397. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092734"},{"issue":"9","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b14","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2263","article-title":"Sex differences in the clinical incidence of concussions, missed school days, and time loss in high school student-athletes: part 1","volume":"46","author":"Bretzin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bretzin AC,\nCovassin T,\nFox ME, et al. Sex differences in the clinical incidence of concussions, missed school days, and time loss in high school student-athletes: part 1. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(9):2263\u20132269. doi:10.1177\/0363546518778251"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b15","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"175","article-title":"Epidemiology of sport-related concussions in high school athletes: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011\u20132012 through 2013\u20132014","volume":"52","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor KL,\nBaker MM,\nDalton SL,\nDompier TP,\nBroglio SP,\nKerr ZY. Epidemiology of sport-related concussions in high school athletes: National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011\u20132012 through 2013\u20132014. J Athl Train. 2017;52(3):175\u2013185. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-52.1.15"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b16","series-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)","first-page":"771","article-title":"Gender differences in recovery from sports-related concussion in adolescents","volume":"55","author":"Baker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baker JG,\nLeddy JJ,\nDarling SR,\nShucard J,\nMakdissi M,\nWiller BS. Gender differences in recovery from sports-related concussion in adolescents. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016;55(8):771\u2013775. doi:10.1177\/0009922815606417"},{"issue":"18","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b17","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","first-page":"5814","article-title":"Sex differences in acute and long-term brain recovery after concussion","volume":"42","author":"Churchill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Churchill NW,\nHutchison MG,\nGraham SJ,\nSchweizer TA. Sex differences in acute and long-term brain recovery after concussion. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42(18):5814\u20135826. doi:10.1002\/hbm.25591"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b18","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"76","article-title":"Sex differences in concussion symptoms of high school athletes","volume":"46","author":"Frommer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frommer LJ,\nGurka KK,\nCross KM,\nIngersoll CD,\nComstock RD,\nSaliba SA. Sex differences in concussion symptoms of high school athletes. J Athl Train. 2011;46(1):76\u201384. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-46.1.76"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b19","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"785","article-title":"Sex differences in resource allocation and access to care after sport-related concussion","volume":"59","author":"Prosak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prosak OL,\nHajdu KS,\nAmedy A, et al. Sex differences in resource allocation and access to care after sport-related concussion. J Athl Train. 2024;59(8):785\u2013792. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-0280.23"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b20","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"869","article-title":"Time to authorized clearance from sport-related concussion: the influence of health care provider and medical facility","volume":"56","author":"Bretzin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bretzin AC,\nZynda AJ,\nWiebe DJ,\nCovassin T. Time to authorized clearance from sport-related concussion: the influence of health care provider and medical facility. J Athl Train. 2021;56(8):869\u2013878. doi:10.4085\/JAT0159-20"},{"issue":"24","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b21","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"1387","article-title":"CARE Consortium Investigators. Differences in sport-related concussion for female and male athletes in comparable collegiate sports: a study from the NCAA-DoD Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium","volume":"55","author":"Master","year":"2021","unstructured":"Master CL,\nKatz BP,\nArbogast KB, et al.; CARE Consortium Investigators. Differences in sport-related concussion for female and male athletes in comparable collegiate sports: a study from the NCAA-DoD Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(24):1387\u20131394. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103316"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b22","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"542","article-title":"Disparities in athletic trainer staffing in secondary school sport: implications for concussion identification","volume":"27","author":"Kroshus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kroshus E,\nRivara FP,\nWhitlock KB,\nHerring SA,\nChrisman SPD. Disparities in athletic trainer staffing in secondary school sport: implications for concussion identification. Clin J Sport Med. 2017;27(6):542\u2013547. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000409"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b23","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"838","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2013the 5th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"October 2016","unstructured":"McCrory P,\nMeeuwisse W,\nDvo\u0159\u00e1k J, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2013the 5th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):838\u2013847. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b24","series-title":"JAMA Neurol","first-page":"435","article-title":"Association of time since injury to the first clinic visit with recovery following concussion","volume":"77","author":"Kontos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kontos AP,\nJorgensen-Wagers K,\nTrbovich AM, et al. Association of time since injury to the first clinic visit with recovery following concussion. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(4):435\u2013440. doi:10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.4552"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b25","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"1017","article-title":"The influence of athletic trainers on the incidence and management of concussions in high school athletes","volume":"53","author":"McGuine","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGuine TA,\nPfaller AY,\nPost EG,\nHetzel SJ,\nBrooks A,\nBroglio SP. The influence of athletic trainers on the incidence and management of concussions in high school athletes. J Athl Train. 2018;53(11):1017\u20131024. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-209-18"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b26","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"941","article-title":"Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Iverson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iverson GL,\nGardner AJ,\nTerry DP, et al. Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(12):941\u2013948. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097729"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b27","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"361","article-title":"Factors affecting recovery trajectories in pediatric female concussion","volume":"29","author":"Desai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Desai N,\nWiebe DJ,\nCorwin DJ,\nLockyer JE,\nGrady MF,\nMaster CL. Factors affecting recovery trajectories in pediatric female concussion. Clin J Sport Med. 2019;29(5):361\u2013367. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000646"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b28","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Athletic trainer services in the secondary school setting: the Athletic Training Locations and Services Project","volume":"54","author":"Huggins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huggins RA,\nColeman KA,\nAttanasio SM, et al. Athletic trainer services in the secondary school setting: the Athletic Training Locations and Services Project. J Athl Train. 2019;54(11):1129\u20131139. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-12-19"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b29","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"483","article-title":"The National Sports Safety in Secondary Schools Benchmark (N4SB) study: defining athletic training practice characteristics","volume":"48","author":"McLeod","year":"2013","unstructured":"McLeod TC,\nBliven KC,\nLam KC,\nBay RC,\nValier AR,\nParsons JT. The National Sports Safety in Secondary Schools Benchmark (N4SB) study: defining athletic training practice characteristics. J Athl Train. 2013;48(4):483\u2013492. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-48.4.04"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b30","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"695","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport-Amsterdam, October 2022","volume":"57","author":"Patricios","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patricios JS,\nSchneider KJ,\nDvorak J, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport-Amsterdam, October 2022. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(11):695\u2013711. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2023-106898"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b31","series-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol","first-page":"764","article-title":"A novel approach to classifying postconcussion symptoms: the application of a new framework to the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale","volume":"37","author":"Merritt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Merritt VC,\nMeyer JE,\nArnett PA. A novel approach to classifying postconcussion symptoms: the application of a new framework to the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2015;37(7):764\u2013775. doi:10.1080\/13803395.2015.1060950"},{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b32","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"418","article-title":"Knowledge and management of sports concussions among coaches and certified athletic trainers in Alabama","volume":"107","author":"Naftel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Naftel KG,\nYust EM,\nNichols MH,\nKing WD,\nDavis D. Knowledge and management of sports concussions among coaches and certified athletic trainers in Alabama. South Med J. 2014;107(7):418\u2013423. doi:10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000000136"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-61-5-315-b33","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"465","article-title":"Predictors for delayed presentation to a specialty concussion clinic following sport-related concussion","volume":"36","author":"Albert","year":"2025","unstructured":"Albert AN,\nJo J,\nBishay AE, et al. Predictors for delayed presentation to a specialty concussion clinic following sport-related concussion. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2025;36(4):465\u2013472. doi:10.3171\/2025.5.PEDS24657"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/61\/5\/article-p315.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/61\/5\/article-p315.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/61\/5\/article-p315.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T01:51:49Z","timestamp":1778550709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/61\/5\/article-p315.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-0596.25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1938-162X","1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1938-162X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}}}