{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:44:00Z","timestamp":1791413040433,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a leading cause of death in athletes and warfighters. The Polar Life Pod (PLP) and ice sheet cooling (ISC) are 2 of the more portable cooling techniques to treat EHS and show promise for treating patients when large volumes of water or immersion devices (eg, tubs) are not available. Ideal cooling rates consistent with excellent EHS prognoses exceed 0.16\u00b0C\/min, and acceptable rates range from &gt;0.08\u00b0C\/min to 0.16\u00b0C\/min. No researchers have compared the cooling effectiveness of the PLP, a body bag\u2013like device, with ISC after simulated military conditioning exercise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine whether the PLP and ISC reduce rectal temperature (T\n                      <jats:sub>REC<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) differently and at acceptable or ideal cooling rates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen participants (10 men, 4 women; age = 22 \u00b1 3 years, height =168.5 \u00b1 7.8 cm, mass = 73.8 \u00b1 17.8 kg) completed the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants donned a military uniform and rucksack and marched in the heat (approximate temperature = 37.5\u00b0C; approximate relative humidity = 40%) until T\n                      <jats:sub>REC<\/jats:sub>\n                      was 39.5\u00b0C. After undressing, they were wrapped in bed sheets presoaked in ice water (temperature \u2264 0.89\u00b0C \u00b1 0.33\u00b0C) or lay in the PLP filled with 151.4 \u00b1 3.8 L of water (temperature &lt; 8.73\u00b0C \u00b1 2.31\u00b0C) until T\n                      <jats:sub>REC<\/jats:sub>\n                      was 38\u00b0C.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Rectal temperature, cooling durations, and calculated T\n                      <jats:sub>REC<\/jats:sub>\n                      cooling rates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Exercise duration did not differ between trials (PLP = 50.5 \u00b1 9.9 min, ISC = 48.9 \u00b1 10.9 min;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .38). Polar Life Pod cooling rates differed from ISC rates and were ideal, whereas ISC rates were acceptable (PLP = 0.22\u00b0C\/min \u00b1 0.08\u00b0C\/min, ISC = 0.11\u00b0C\/min \u00b1 0.05\u00b0C\/min;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Polar Life Pod lowered T\n                      <jats:sub>REC<\/jats:sub>\n                      twice as quickly as ISC and at rates consistent with favorable EHS outcomes. The faster cooling rates of the PLP were likely due to its use of conductive and convective cooling, treating a larger body surface area, and providing a larger heat sink compared with ISC. The Polar Life Pod and ISC can be used to treat EHS, but the PLP is preferred because it reduces T\n                      <jats:sub>REC<\/jats:sub>\n                      faster, uses less ice, and requires the same number of personnel and coolers as does ISC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0604.24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T04:11:16Z","timestamp":1747109476000},"page":"721-729","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Polar Life Pod Versus Ice Sheet Cooling After Simulated Military Conditioning Exercise"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b01","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Long-term follow-up after exertional heat illness during recruit training","volume":"33","author":"Phinney","year":"2001","unstructured":"Phinney LT,\nGardner JW,\nKark JA,\nWenger CB. Long-term follow-up after exertional heat illness during recruit training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(9):1443\u20131448. doi:10.1097\/00005768-200109000-00004"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b02","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"116","article-title":"Exertion-induced heat stroke in a military setting","volume":"155","author":"Barthel","year":"1990","unstructured":"Barthel HJ. Exertion-induced heat stroke in a military setting. Mil Med. 1990;155(3):116\u2013119."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b03","series-title":"Exp Physiol","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Exertional heat stroke in sport and the military: epidemiology and mitigation","volume":"107","author":"P\u00e9riard","year":"2002","unstructured":"P\u00e9riard JD,\nDeGroot DW,\nJay O. Exertional heat stroke in sport and the military: epidemiology and mitigation. 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J Athl Train. 2024;59(3):304\u2013309. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-0065.23"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b06","series-title":"Orthop J Sports Med","first-page":"2325967120943491","article-title":"Nontraumatic exertional fatalities in football players, part 2: excess in conditioning kills","volume":"8","author":"Boden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boden BP,\nFine KM,\nSpencer TA,\nBreit I,\nAnderson SA. Nontraumatic exertional fatalities in football players, part 2: excess in conditioning kills. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(8):2325967120943491. doi:10.1177\/2325967120943491. Published correction appears in Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(10):2325967120970332. doi:10.1177\/2325967120970332"},{"issue":"9","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b07","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"1818","article-title":"Exertional heat stroke at the Boston Marathon: demographics and the environment","volume":"53","author":"Breslow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Breslow RG,\nCollins JE,\nTroyanos C, et al. Exertional heat stroke at the Boston Marathon: demographics and the environment. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2021;53(9):1818\u20131825. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002652"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b08","series-title":"MSMR","first-page":"8","article-title":"Update: heat illness, active component, US Armed Forces, 2021","volume":"29","author":"Williams","year":"2022","unstructured":"Williams VF,\nOh GT. Update: heat illness, active component, US Armed Forces, 2021. MSMR. 2022;29(4):8\u201314."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b09","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"986","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: exertional heat illnesses","volume":"50","author":"Casa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Casa DJ,\nDeMartini JK,\nBergeron MF, et al. National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: exertional heat illnesses. J Athl Train. 2015;50(9):986\u20131000. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-50.9.07. Published correction appears in J Athl Train. 2017;52(4):401. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-52.4.07"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b10","series-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol","first-page":"809","article-title":"Rat model of acute heatstroke mortality","volume":"42","author":"Hubbard","year":"1977","unstructured":"Hubbard RW,\nBowers WD,\nMatthew WT, et al. Rat model of acute heatstroke mortality. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1977;42(6):809\u2013816. doi:10.1152\/jappl.1977.42.6.809"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b11","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"2464","article-title":"Optimizing cold water immersion for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Y,\nDavis JK,\nCasa DJ,\nBishop PA. Optimizing cold water immersion for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(11):2464\u20132472. doi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000693"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b12","series-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep","first-page":"151","article-title":"Case series of exertional heat stroke in runners during early spring: 2014 to 2016 Cincinnati Flying Pig Marathon","volume":"17","author":"Divine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Divine JG,\nDaggy MW,\nDixon EE,\nLeBlanc DP,\nOkragly RA,\nHasselfeld KA. Case series of exertional heat stroke in runners during early spring: 2014 to 2016 Cincinnati Flying Pig Marathon. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(5):151\u2013158. doi:10.1249\/JSR.0000000000000485"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b13","series-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev","first-page":"141","article-title":"Cold water immersion: the gold standard for exertional heatstroke treatment","volume":"35","author":"Casa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Casa DJ,\nMcDermott BP,\nLee EC,\nYeargin SW,\nArmstrong LE,\nMaresh CM. Cold water immersion: the gold standard for exertional heatstroke treatment. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2007;35(3):141\u2013149. doi:10.1097\/jes.0b013e3180a02bec"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b14","series-title":"Ann Emerg Med","first-page":"347","article-title":"Tarp-assisted cooling as a method of whole-body cooling in hyperthermic individuals","volume":"69","author":"Hosokawa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hosokawa Y,\nAdams WM,\nBelval LN,\nVandermark LW,\nCasa DJ. Tarp-assisted cooling as a method of whole-body cooling in hyperthermic individuals. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(3):347\u2013352. doi:10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.08.428"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b15","series-title":"Wilderness Environ Med","first-page":"490","article-title":"Tarp-assisted cooling for exertional heat stroke treatment in wildland firefighting","volume":"34","author":"Pryor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pryor RR,\nHaboian K,\nFitts T,\nStooks JJ. Tarp-assisted cooling for exertional heat stroke treatment in wildland firefighting. Wilderness Environ Med. 2023;34(4):490\u2013497. doi:10.1016\/j.wem.2023.08.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b16","series-title":"Aerosp Med Hum Perform","first-page":"194","article-title":"Body bag cooling with two different water temperatures for the treatment of hyperthermia","volume":"95","author":"Miller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller KC,\nAmaria NY. Body bag cooling with two different water temperatures for the treatment of hyperthermia. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2024;95(4):194\u2013199. doi:10.3357\/AMHP.6364.2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b17","series-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open","first-page":"49","article-title":"A body bag can save your life: a novel method of cold water immersion for heat stroke treatment","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim DA,\nLindquist BD,\nShen SH,\nWagner AM,\nLipman GS. A body bag can save your life: a novel method of cold water immersion for heat stroke treatment. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2020;1(1):49\u201352. doi:10.1002\/emp2.12007"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b18","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"244","article-title":"Excellent rectal temperature cooling rates in the Polar Life Pod consistent with stationary tubs","volume":"58","author":"Miller","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miller KC,\nAmaria NY. Excellent rectal temperature cooling rates in the Polar Life Pod consistent with stationary tubs. J Athl Train. 2023;58(3):244\u2013251. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-0732.21"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b19","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"372","article-title":"Roundtable on preseason heat safety in secondary school athletics: prehospital care of patients with exertional heat stroke","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller KC,\nCasa DJ,\nAdams WM, et al. Roundtable on preseason heat safety in secondary school athletics: prehospital care of patients with exertional heat stroke. J Athl Train. 2021;56(4):372\u2013382. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-0173.20"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b20","series-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)","first-page":"589","article-title":"Exertional heat stroke, modality cooling rate, and survival outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"56","author":"Filep","year":"2020","unstructured":"Filep EM,\nMurata Y,\nEndres BD,\nKim G,\nStearns RL,\nCasa DJ. Exertional heat stroke, modality cooling rate, and survival outcomes: a systematic review. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020;56(11):589. doi:10.3390\/medicina56110589"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b21","series-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care","first-page":"392","article-title":"Consensus statement\u2014prehospital care of exertional heat stroke","volume":"22","author":"Belval","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belval LN,\nCasa DJ,\nAdams WM, et al. Consensus statement\u2014prehospital care of exertional heat stroke. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2018;22(3):392\u2013397. doi:10.1080\/10903127.2017.1392666"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b22","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"84","article-title":"Acute whole-body cooling for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"McDermott","year":"2009","unstructured":"McDermott BP,\nCasa DJ,\nGanio MS, et al. Acute whole-body cooling for exercise-induced hyperthermia: a systematic review. J Athl Train. 2009;44(1):84\u201393. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-44.1.84"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b23","series-title":"Intern Emerg Med","first-page":"1831","article-title":"Association between cooling temperature and outcomes of patients with heat stroke","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen L,\nXu S,\nYang X,\nZhao J,\nZhang Y,\nFeng X. Association between cooling temperature and outcomes of patients with heat stroke. Intern Emerg Med. 2023;18(6):1831\u20131842. doi:10.1007\/s11739-023-03291-y"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b24","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"1178","article-title":"Impact of arm immersion cooling during Ranger training on exertional heat illness and treatment costs","volume":"180","author":"DeGroot","year":"2015","unstructured":"DeGroot DW,\nKenefick RW,\nSawka MN. Impact of arm immersion cooling during Ranger training on exertional heat illness and treatment costs. Mil Med. 2015;180(11):1178\u20131183. doi:10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00727"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b25","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"e1017","article-title":"The effectiveness of a standardized ice-sheet cooling method following exertional hyperthermia","volume":"187","author":"Caldwell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caldwell AR,\nSaillant MM,\nPitsas D,\nJohnson A,\nBradbury KE,\nCharkoudian N. The effectiveness of a standardized ice-sheet cooling method following exertional hyperthermia. Mil Med. 2022;187(9\u201310):e1017\u2013e1023. doi:10.1093\/milmed\/usac047"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b26","series-title":"J Emerg Med","first-page":"175","article-title":"Cooling modality effectiveness and mortality associate with prehospital care of exertional heatstroke casualties","volume":"64","author":"DeGroot","year":"2023","unstructured":"DeGroot D,\nHenderson KN,\nO\u2019Connor FG. Cooling modality effectiveness and mortality associate with prehospital care of exertional heatstroke casualties. J Emerg Med. 2023;64(2):175\u2013180. doi:10.1016\/j.jemermed.2022.12.015"},{"issue":"9","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b27","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"e1951","article-title":"Effectiveness of ice-sheet cooling following exertional hyperthermia","volume":"182","author":"Butts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Butts CL,\nSpisla DL,\nAdams JD, et al. Effectiveness of ice-sheet cooling following exertional hyperthermia. Mil Med. 2017;182(9):e1951\u2013e1957. doi:10.7205\/MILMED-D-17-00057"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b28","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"2065","article-title":"Comparison of body cooling methods on physiological and perceptual measures of mildly hyperthermic athletes","volume":"25","author":"DeMartini","year":"2011","unstructured":"DeMartini JK,\nRanalli GF,\nCasa DJ, et al. Comparison of body cooling methods on physiological and perceptual measures of mildly hyperthermic athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(8):2065\u20132074. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182259b1d"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b29","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e44045","article-title":"Severe heat stroke resuscitation using a body bag in a community emergency department","volume":"15","author":"Pittala","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pittala K,\nWilling TF,\nWorrilow CC,\nPalilonis MM. Severe heat stroke resuscitation using a body bag in a community emergency department. Cureus. 2023;15(8):e44045. doi:10.7759\/cureus.44045"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-10-721-b30","series-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care","first-page":"832","article-title":"Out-of-hospital cold water immersion for classic (non-exertional) heat stroke guided by real-time core temperature monitoring: a case series","volume":"27","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jacobsen RC,\nBeaver B,\nAbo B. Out-of-hospital cold water immersion for classic (non-exertional) heat stroke guided by real-time core temperature monitoring: a case series. 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