{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T04:16:19Z","timestamp":1749701779456,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"\n Context<\/jats:title>\n During a baseball pitch, energy is transferred from the lower extremities through the lumbopelvic junction to the upper extremity. Reduced lumbopelvic stability has been associated with elbow injuries, but the mechanisms are unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To characterize the predictive ability of lumbopelvic stability on elbow-varus torque during a baseball pitch.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Facilities at National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I universities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n A total of 44 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I baseball players (age = 19.6 \u00b1 1.3 years, height = 190 \u00b1 10 cm, mass = 90.1 \u00b1 6.3 kg).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n Pitchers completed a warm-up and then threw 10 fastballs from a mound to a catcher. During the pitches, elbow-varus torque was recorded using an inertial measurement unit, and ball velocity was recorded using a radar gun. Participants also completed a single-legged step-down (SLSD) task with and without a cognitive Stroop, and triplanar pelvic and trunk kinematics were recorded using inertial measurement units. Statistical analysis consisted of a cluster analysis, principal components analysis, and a multivariate logistic regression model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Cluster analysis identified 2 clusters: low torque\u2013high velocity and high torque\u2013low velocity. The principal components analysis identified 4 patterns of variability (principal components) during the SLSD: (1) sagittal plane, (2) transverse plane, (3) frontal-plane trail leg, and (4) frontal-plane lead leg. Logistic regression models indicated increased transverse-plane trunk (odds ratio = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.1, 8.0; P<\/jats:italic> = .04) and increased pelvis motion (odds ratio = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.1, 6.0; P<\/jats:italic> = .03) predicted higher odds of belonging to the high torque\u2013low velocity cluster.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Lumbopelvic movement assessed during the SLSD can identify deficits that relate to high elbow torque\u2013low ball velocity during the baseball pitch. Specifically, higher transverse-plane pelvis and trunk motion were independently associated with pitchers in the high torque\u2013low velocity cluster. Our assessment of trunk and pelvis motion during an SLSD provides a method for coaches and clinicians to identify a potential risk factor related to increased elbow-varus torque and decreased ball velocity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0697.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T09:37:37Z","timestamp":1716370657000},"page":"143-153","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Lumbopelvic Stability During a Single-Legged Step Down and Elbow-Varus Torque During Baseball Pitching"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Zachary J.","family":"DeZee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Barrack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kayla","family":"Bucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Zerega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atrium Health and Musculoskeletal Institute, Charlotte, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel K.","family":"Straub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Karduna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lori A.","family":"Michener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b01","series-title":"The American Journal of Sports Medicine","first-page":"1727","article-title":"Summative report on time out of play for major and minor league baseball: an analysis of 49,955 injuries from 2011 through 2016","volume":"46","author":"Camp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Camp\n CL,\n \n \n Dines\n JS,\n \n \n van der List\n JP,\n \n et al.\n \n Summative report on time out of play for major and minor league baseball: an analysis of 49,955 injuries from 2011 through 2016. 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The American journal of sports medicine. 1995;23(2):233\u2013239. doi:10.1177\/036354659502300218"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b05","series-title":"Journal of Shoulder Elbow Surgery","first-page":"2596","article-title":"Intra- versus inter-pitcher comparisons: Associations of ball velocity with throwing-arm kinetics in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"30","author":"Manzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Manzi\n JE,\n \n \n Estrada\n JA,\n \n \n Dowling\n B,\n \n \n Ruzbarsky\n JJ,\n \n \n Dines\n JS.\n \n \n Intra- versus inter-pitcher comparisons: Associations of ball velocity with throwing-arm kinetics in professional baseball pitchers. 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Sports Biomechanics. 2023;0(0):1\u20139. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2023.2205380"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b07","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"296","article-title":"Fastball velocity and elbow-varus torque in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"54","author":"Slowik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Slowik\n JS,\n \n \n Aune\n KT,\n \n \n Diffendaffer\n AZ,\n \n \n Cain\n EL,\n \n \n Dugas\n JR,\n \n \n Fleisig\n GS.\n \n \n Fastball velocity and elbow-varus torque in professional baseball pitchers. 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J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019;28(2):330\u2013334. doi:10.1016\/j.jse.2018.07.015"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b09","series-title":"European Journal of Sport Science","first-page":"606","article-title":"Mechanical properties of upper torso rotation from the viewpoint of energetics during baseball pitching","volume":"20","author":"Kimura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kimura\n A,\n \n \n Yoshioka\n S,\n \n \n Omura\n L,\n \n \n Fukashiro\n S.\n \n \n Mechanical properties of upper torso rotation from the viewpoint of energetics during baseball pitching. European Journal of Sport Science. 2020;20(5):606\u2013613. doi:10.1080\/17461391.2019.1646810"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b10","series-title":"Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research","first-page":"3241","article-title":"Pelvis and torso kinematics and their relationship to shoulder kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers. The","volume":"24","author":"Oliver","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oliver\n GD,\n \n \n Keeley\n DW.\n \n \n Pelvis and torso kinematics and their relationship to shoulder kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers. The\n \n Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research\n . 2010;24(12):3241. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cc22de"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b11","series-title":"The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research","first-page":"3015","article-title":"Gluteal muscle group activation and its relationship with pelvis and torso kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers","volume":"24","author":"Oliver","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oliver\n GD,\n \n \n Keeley\n DW.\n \n \n Gluteal muscle group activation and its relationship with pelvis and torso kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2010;24(11):3015. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c865ce"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b12","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"125","article-title":"Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: descriptions and explanations","volume":"26","author":"Putnam","year":"1993","unstructured":"Putnam\n CA.\n \n \n Sequential motions of body segments in striking and throwing skills: descriptions and explanations. J Biomech. 1993;26Suppl 1:125\u201335. doi:10.1016\/0021-9290(93)90084-r"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b13","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1059","article-title":"Lumbopelvic control and the development of upper extremity injury in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"49","author":"Laudner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Laudner\n K,\n \n \n Wong\n R,\n \n \n Evans\n D,\n \n \n Meister\n K.\n \n \n Lumbopelvic control and the development of upper extremity injury in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(4):1059\u20131064. doi:10.1177\/0363546520988122"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b14","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Lumbopelvic control and pitching performance of professional baseball pitchers","volume":"25","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chaudhari\n AM,\n \n \n McKenzie\n CS,\n \n \n Borchers\n JR,\n \n \n Best\n TM.\n \n \n Lumbopelvic control and pitching performance of professional baseball pitchers. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25(8):2127\u201332. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31820f5075"},{"issue":"8","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b15","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","first-page":"1214","article-title":"The effects of contralateral trunk tilt on elbow varus torque in baseball pitchers: a critically appraised topic","volume":"30","author":"Hakanson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hakanson\n S,\n \n \n Johnson\n ST,\n \n \n Norcross\n EC,\n \n \n Brown\n CN.\n \n \n The effects of contralateral trunk tilt on elbow varus torque in baseball pitchers: a critically appraised topic. J Sport Rehabil. 2021;30(8):1214\u20131219. doi:10.1123\/jsr.2020-0384"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b16","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2734","article-title":"Lumbopelvic control and days missed because of injury in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"42","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chaudhari\n AM,\n \n \n McKenzie\n CS,\n \n \n Pan\n X,\n \n \n O\u00f1ate\n JA.\n \n \n Lumbopelvic control and days missed because of injury in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(11):2734\u201340. doi:10.1177\/0363546514545861"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b17","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"58","article-title":"Trunk lean during a single-leg squat is associated with trunk lean during pitching","volume":"13","author":"Plummer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Plummer\n HA,\n \n \n Oliver\n GD,\n \n \n Powers\n CM,\n \n \n Michener\n LA.\n \n \n Trunk lean during a single-leg squat is associated with trunk lean during pitching. 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J Athl Train. 2020;55(12):1277\u20131284. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-533-19"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b22","series-title":"J Appl Biomech","first-page":"272","article-title":"Effect of single-leg squat speed and depth on dynamic postural control under single-task and dual-task paradigms","volume":"35","author":"Talarico","year":"2019","unstructured":"Talarico\n MK,\n \n \n Lynall\n RC,\n \n \n Mauntel\n TC,\n \n \n Wasserman\n EB,\n \n \n Padua\n DA,\n \n \n Mihalik\n JP.\n \n \n Effect of single-leg squat speed and depth on dynamic postural control under single-task and dual-task paradigms. 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PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126258. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0126258"},{"key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b24","series-title":"J Athl Train","article-title":"Relationships between hip strength and pitching biomechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers","author":"Albiero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albiero\n ML,\n \n \n Kokott\n W,\n \n \n Dziuk\n C,\n \n \n Cross\n JA.\n \n \n Relationships between hip strength and pitching biomechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers. J Athl Train. 2022. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-0074.22"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b25","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"3015","article-title":"Gluteal muscle group activation and its relationship with pelvis and torso kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers","volume":"24","author":"Oliver","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oliver\n GD,\n \n \n Keeley\n DW.\n \n \n Gluteal muscle group activation and its relationship with pelvis and torso kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(11):3015\u201322. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c865ce"},{"issue":"12","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b26","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"3241","article-title":"Pelvis and torso kinematics and their relationship to shoulder kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers","volume":"24","author":"Oliver","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oliver\n GD,\n \n \n Keeley\n DW.\n \n \n Pelvis and torso kinematics and their relationship to shoulder kinematics in high-school baseball pitchers. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(12):3241\u20136. doi:10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181cc22de"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b27","series-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"342","article-title":"Hip abduction strength: relationship to trunk and lower extremity motion during a single-leg step-down task in professional baseball players","volume":"16","author":"Zipser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zipser\n MC,\n \n \n Plummer\n HA,\n \n \n Kindstrand\n N,\n \n \n Sum\n JC,\n \n \n Li\n B,\n \n \n Michener\n LA.\n \n \n Hip abduction strength: relationship to trunk and lower extremity motion during a single-leg step-down task in professional baseball players. 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Sports Biomech. 2020;19(5):569\u2013586. doi:10.1080\/14763141.2018.1503321"},{"key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b30","series-title":"PeerJ","first-page":"e6365","article-title":"Exploring wearable sensors as an alternative to marker-based motion capture in the pitching delivery","volume":"7","author":"Boddy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boddy\n KJ,\n \n \n Marsh\n JA,\n \n \n Caravan\n A,\n \n \n Lindley\n KE,\n \n \n Scheffey\n JO,\n \n \n O\u2019Connell\n ME.\n \n \n Exploring wearable sensors as an alternative to marker-based motion capture in the pitching delivery. PeerJ. 2019;7:e6365. doi:10.7717\/peerj.6365"},{"issue":"13","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b31","series-title":"The American journal of sports medicine","first-page":"3030","article-title":"The relationship of throwing arm mechanics and elbow varus torque: within-subject variation for professional baseball pitchers across 82,000 throws","volume":"45","author":"Camp","year":"2017","unstructured":"Camp\n CL,\n \n \n Tubbs\n TG,\n \n \n Fleisig\n GS,\n \n et al.\n \n The relationship of throwing arm mechanics and elbow varus torque: within-subject variation for professional baseball pitchers across 82,000 throws. The American journal of sports medicine. 2017;45(13):3030\u20133035. doi:10.1177\/0363546517719047"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b32","series-title":"Sports Health","first-page":"535","article-title":"Variability in baseball throwing metrics during a structured long-toss program: does one size fit all or should programs be individualized","volume":"11","author":"Leafblad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leafblad\n ND,\n \n \n Larson\n DR,\n \n \n Fleisig\n GS,\n \n et al.\n \n Variability in baseball throwing metrics during a structured long-toss program: does one size fit all or should programs be individualized? Sports Health. 2019;11(6):535\u2013542. doi:10.1177\/1941738119869945"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b33","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"816","article-title":"Assessment of elbow torque and other parameters during the pitching motion: comparison of fastball, curveball, and change-up","volume":"34","author":"Makhni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Makhni\n EC,\n \n \n Lizzio\n VA,\n \n \n Meta\n F,\n \n \n Stephens\n JP,\n \n \n Okoroha\n KR,\n \n \n Moutzouros\n V.\n \n \n Assessment of elbow torque and other parameters during the pitching motion: comparison of fastball, curveball, and change-up. Arthroscopy. 2018;34(3):816\u2013822. doi:10.1016\/j.arthro.2017.09.045"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b34","series-title":"The American journal of sports medicine","first-page":"3094","article-title":"Are wearable sensors valid and reliable for studying the baseball pitching motion? An independent comparison with marker-based motion capture","volume":"49","author":"Camp","year":"2021","unstructured":"Camp\n CL,\n \n \n Loushin\n S,\n \n \n Nezlek\n S,\n \n \n Fiegen\n AP,\n \n \n Christoffer\n D,\n \n \n Kaufman\n K.\n \n \n Are wearable sensors valid and reliable for studying the baseball pitching motion? An independent comparison with marker-based motion capture. The American journal of sports medicine. 2021;49(11):3094\u20133101. doi:10.1177\/03635465211029017"},{"issue":"11","key":"i1938-162X-60-2-143-b35","series-title":"Journal of science and medicine in sport","first-page":"1254","article-title":"Using the single leg squat as an assessment of stride leg knee mechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"22","author":"Wasserberger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wasserberger\n K,\n \n \n Barfield\n J,\n \n \n Anz\n A,\n \n \n Andrews\n J,\n \n \n Oliver\n G.\n \n \n Using the single leg squat as an assessment of stride leg knee mechanics in adolescent baseball pitchers. 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