{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T02:04:06Z","timestamp":1794535446994,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hamstring strain injuries are common among athletes and often require rehabilitation to prepare players for a timely return to sport performance while also minimizing reinjury risk. Return to sport is typically achieved within weeks of the injury; however, subsequent athlete performance may be impaired, and reinjury rates are high. Improving these outcomes requires rehabilitation practitioners (eg, athletic trainers and physical therapists) to understand the causes and mechanisms of hamstring strain injury, know how to perform a thorough clinical examination, and progress loading to the site of injury safely and effectively. This narrative review discusses current clinical concepts related to these aspects of rehabilitation for hamstring strain injury, with the aim of helping practitioners improve athletes' outcomes. Collectively, this knowledge will inform the implementation of evidence-based rehabilitation interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-0707.20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T19:31:12Z","timestamp":1623785472000},"page":"125-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Hamstring Strain Injury Rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Jack T.","family":"Hickey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Opar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne"},{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh J.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Football Giants, East Rutherford, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan C.","family":"Heiderscheit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin, Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekstrand\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Krutsch\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Spreco\n              A,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Time before return to play for the most common injuries in professional football: a 16-year 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Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t53(23):\n\t\t\t\t\t1464\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1473.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098971","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098971"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollock\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Kelly\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              J,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          A 4-year study of hamstring injury outcomes in elite track and field using the British Athletics rehabilitation approach.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.Published online April 14,2021.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103791","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103791"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollock\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Patel\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Chakraverty\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Suokas\n              A,\n            \n            \n              James\n              SL,\n            \n            \n              Chakraverty\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Time to return to full training is delayed and recurrence rate is higher in intratendinous (\u2018c') acute hamstring injury in elite track and field athletes: clinical application of the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t50(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t305\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t310.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094657","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094657"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Made\n              AD,\n            \n            \n              Almusa\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Whiteley\n              R,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Intramuscular tendon involvement on MRI has limited value for predicting time to return to play following acute hamstring injury.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t52(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t83\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t88.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097659","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097659"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vermeulen\n              R,\n            \n            \n              Almusa\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Buckens\n              S,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Complete resolution of a hamstring intramuscular tendon injury on MRI is not necessary for a clinically successful return to play.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.Published online June 19,2020.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101808","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101808"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silder\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Sherry\n              MA,\n            \n            \n              Sanfilippo\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Tuite\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Hetzel\n              SJ,\n            \n            \n              Heiderscheit\n              BC.\n            \n          \n          Clinical and morphological changes following 2 rehabilitation programs for acute hamstring strain injuries: a randomized clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthop Sports Phys Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t284\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t299.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.2519\/jospt.2013.4452","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.4452"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruddy\n              JD,\n            \n            \n              Pollard\n              CW,\n            \n            \n              Timmins\n              RG,\n            \n            \n              Williams\n              MD,\n            \n            \n              Shield\n              AJ,\n            \n            \n              Opar\n              DA.\n            \n          \n          Running exposure is associated with the risk of hamstring strain injury in elite Australian footballers.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t52(14):\n\t\t\t\t\t919\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t928.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096777","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096777"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samozino\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Rabita\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Dorel\n              S,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          A simple method for measuring power, force, velocity properties, and mechanical effectiveness in sprint running.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Med Sci Sports.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t648\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t658.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1111\/sms.12490","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12490"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendiguchia\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Martinez-Ruiz\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Edouard\n              P,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          A multifactorial, criteria-based progressive algorithm for hamstring injury treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t49(7):\n\t\t\t\t\t1482\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1492.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001241","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001241"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Severini\n              G,\n            \n            \n              Holland\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Drumgoole\n              A,\n            \n            \n              Delahunt\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Ditroilo\n              M.\n            \n          \n          Kinematic and electromyographic analysis of the Askling L-Protocol for hamstring training.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J Med Sci Sports.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(12):\n\t\t\t\t\t2536\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t2546.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1111\/sms.13288","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13288"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Dyk\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Behan\n              FP,\n            \n            \n              Whiteley\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Including the Nordic hamstring exercise in injury prevention programmes halves the rate of hamstring injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 8459 athletes.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t53(21):\n\t\t\t\t\t1362\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1370.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100045","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100045"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourne\n              MN,\n            \n            \n              Duhig\n              SJ,\n        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Exerc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t47(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t905\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t913.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000507","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000507"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morin\n              JB,\n            \n            \n              Gimenez\n              P,\n            \n            \n              Edouard\n              P,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Sprint acceleration mechanics: the major role of hamstring in horizontal force production.\n\t\t\t\t\tFront Physiol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t6:\n\t\t\t\t\t404.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.3389\/fphys.2015.00404","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00404"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho\n              IMK,\n            \n            \n              Ng\n              LPC,\n            \n            \n              Lee\n              KOL,\n            \n            \n              Luk\n              TCJ.\n            \n          \n          Effects of knee flexion angles in supine bridge exercise on trunk and pelvic muscle activity.\n\t\t\t\t\tRes Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t28(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t484\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t497.","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2020.1777552"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neto\n              WK,\n            \n            \n              Vieira\n              TL,\n            \n            \n              Gama\n              EF.\n            \n          \n          Barbell hip thrust, muscular activation and performance: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Sports Sci Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t18(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t198\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t206.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1080\/15438627.2020.1777552","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2020.1777552"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maniar\n              N,\n  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A,\n            \n            \n              Tol\n              JL.\n            \n          \n          Clinical findings just after return to play predict hamstring re-injury, but baseline MRI findings do not.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t48(18):\n\t\t\t\t\t1377\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1384.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093737","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093737"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherry\n              MA,\n            \n            \n              Best\n              TM.\n            \n          \n          A comparison of 2 rehabilitation programs in the treatment of acute hamstring strains.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthop Sports Phys Ther.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t116\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t125.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.3.116","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2004.34.3.116"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuermans\n              J,\n            \n            \n              Van Tiggelen\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Palmans\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Danneels\n              L,\n            \n            \n              Witvrouw\n              E.\n            \n          \n          Deviating running kinematics and hamstring injury susceptibility in male soccer players: cause or consequence?\n          \n            Gait Posture\n          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Schneiders\n              A,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          2016 Consensus statement on return to sport from the First World Congress in Sports Physical Therapy, Bern.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t50(14):\n\t\t\t\t\t853\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t864.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096278","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096278"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timmins\n              RG,\n            \n            \n              Ruddy\n              JD,\n            \n            \n              Presland\n              J,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Architectural changes of the biceps femoris long head after concentric or eccentric training.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Sci Sports 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Maas\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Goudswaard\n              GJ.\n            \n          \n          Predicting return to play after hamstring injuries.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t48(18):\n\t\t\t\t\t1358\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1363.\n\t\t\t\t\tdoi:10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093860","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093860"},{"key":"2022022415461600100_i1938-162X-57-2-125-b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malliaropoulos\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Korakakis\n              V,\n            \n            \n              Christodoulou\n              D,\n            \n            et al.\n          \n          Development and validation of a questionnaire (FASH\u2013Functional Assessment Scale for Acute Hamstring Injuries): to measure the severity and impact of symptoms on function and sports ability in patients with acute hamstring injuries.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Sports 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