{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T05:45:15Z","timestamp":1773294315384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the absence of baseline testing, normative data may be used to interpret postconcussion scores on the clinical reaction-time test (RTclin). However, to provide normative data, we must understand the performance factors associated with baseline testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore performance factors associated with baseline RTclin from among candidate variables representing demographics, medical and concussion history, self-reported symptoms, sleep, and sport-related features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical setting (eg, athletic training room).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2584 National Collegiate Athletic Association student-athletes (n = 1206 females [47%], 1377 males [53%], and 1 unreported (&amp;lt;0.1%); mass = 76.7 \u00b1 18.7 kg; height = 176.7 \u00b1 11.3 cm; age = 19.0 \u00b1 1.3 years) from 3 institutions participated in this study as part of the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education Consortium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>Potential performance factors were sex; race; ethnicity; dominant hand; sport type; number of prior concussions; presence of anxiety, learning disability, attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, depression, or migraine headache; self-reported sleep the night before the test; mass; height; age; total number of symptoms; and total symptom burden at baseline. The primary study outcome measure was mean baseline RTclin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall RTclin was 202.0 \u00b1 25.0 milliseconds. Female sex (parameter estimate [B] = 8.6 milliseconds, P &amp;lt; .001, Cohen d = 0.54 relative to male sex), black or African American race (B = 5.3 milliseconds, P = .001, Cohen d = 0.08 relative to white race), and limited-contact (B = 4.2 milliseconds, P &amp;lt; .001, Cohen d = 0.30 relative to contact) or noncontact (B = 5.9 milliseconds, P &amp;lt; .001, Cohen d = 0.38 relative to contact) sport participation were associated with slower RTclin. Being taller was associated with a faster RTclin, although this association was weak (B = \u22120.7 milliseconds, P &amp;lt; .001). No other predictors were significant. When adjustments are made for sex and sport type, the following normative data may be considered (mean \u00b1 standard deviation): female, noncontact (211.5 \u00b1 25.8 milliseconds), limited contact (212.1 \u00b1 24.3 milliseconds), contact (203.7 \u00b1 21.5 milliseconds); male, noncontact (199.4 \u00b1 26.7 milliseconds), limited contact (196.3 \u00b1 23.9 milliseconds), contact (195.0 \u00b1 23.8 milliseconds).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Potentially clinically relevant differences existed in RTclin for sex and sport type. These results provide normative data adjusting for these performance factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-164-19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T17:32:10Z","timestamp":1587576730000},"page":"601-607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Clinical Reaction-Time Performance Factors in Healthy Collegiate Athletes"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Jaclyn B.","family":"Caccese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Eckner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Franco-MacKendrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Hazzard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Concussion Research & Services, Bloomsburg University, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Broglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan Concussion Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McCrea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Buckley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology and Biomechanics and Movement Science Interdisciplinary Program, University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020062416091920500_i1062-6050-55-6-601-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. 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