{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:36:49Z","timestamp":1790775409576,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Balance tests are a recommended assessment of motor function in concussion protocols. The BTrackS Balance Test (BBT) is a tool for concussion balance testing that uses low-cost force-plate technology to objectively measure postural sway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To provide normative data for the BBT in a large population of athletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Concussion baseline testing at multiple facilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male and female athletes (n = 10\u200a045) ages 8 to 21 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>Athletes performed three 20-second trials of eyes-closed standing on the BTrackS Balance Plate with feet shoulder-width apart and hands on hips.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postural sway was measured as the average total center-of-pressure path length over 3 testing trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postural sway was reduced (ie, balance improved) as athlete age increased and was less in female athletes than in male athletes. Percentile ranking tables were calculated based on sex and 2-year age groupings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings (1) provide context for BBT results performed in the absence of a baseline test, (2) can help mitigate athlete malingering, and (3) might identify individuals with latent neuromuscular injuries during baseline tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-178-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T21:50:56Z","timestamp":1552600256000},"page":"439-444","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Normative Data for the BTrackS Balance Test Concussion-Management Tool: Results From 10\u200a045 Athletes Aged 8 to 21 Years"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Goble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Department of Human Movement Science, Oakland University, Rochester, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell J.","family":"Rauh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsimran S.","family":"Baweja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200609000-00001","article-title":"The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview","volume":"21","author":"Langlois","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.4.05","article-title":"Consensus statement on concusssion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Zurich, November 2012","volume":"48","author":"McCrory","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515610537","article-title":"Epidemiology of sports-related concussions in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes from 2009\u20132010 to 2013\u20132014: symptom prevalence, symptom resolution time, and return-to-play time","volume":"44","author":"Wasserman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2014the 5th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050083","article-title":"Standard regression-based methods for measuring recovery after sport-related concussion","volume":"11","author":"McCrea","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"19","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2556","article-title":"Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study","volume":"290","author":"McCrea","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.8.2.71","article-title":"Relationship between clinical and forceplate measures of postural stability","volume":"8","author":"Riemann","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200307000-00006","article-title":"Evaluation of neuropsychological domain scores and postural stability following cerebral concussion in sports","volume":"13","author":"Peterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b09","first-page":"149","article-title":"An initial evaluation of the BTrackS Balance Plate and Sports Balance software for concussion diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Goble","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330240318","article-title":"The influence of sex and age on the postural sway of man","volume":"24","author":"Hellebrandt","year":"1939","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/21\/4\/308","article-title":"A quality control procedure for force platforms","volume":"21","author":"Browne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.09.004","article-title":"Neuropsychological evaluation in the diagnosis and management of sports-related concussion","volume":"22","author":"Moser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000369","article-title":"Baseline performance and psychometric properties of the Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3 (Child-SCAT3) in 5- to 13-year-old athletes","volume":"27","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2014.952667","article-title":"Health IMPACTS for Florida Network. A normative study of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT2) in children and adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Snyder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1549","article-title":"Static balance norms in children","volume":"19","author":"Condon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117741651","article-title":"Postural stability in healthy child and youth athletes: the effect of age, sex, and concussion-related factors on performance","volume":"10","author":"Paniccia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sport Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205000873","article-title":"Balance control: sex and age differences in 9- to 16-year olds","volume":"47","author":"Nolan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2005.05.003","article-title":"Children achieve adult-like sensory integration during stance at 12-years-old","volume":"23","author":"Peterson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1987.tb08507.x","article-title":"Maturation of postural sway in young children","volume":"29","author":"Riach","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b20","first-page":"241","article-title":"Development of postural sway in the normal child","volume":"3","author":"Odenrick","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum Neurobiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.10.020","article-title":"Validating the BTrackS Balance Plate as a low cost alternative for the measurement of sway-induced center of pressure","volume":"49","author":"O'Connor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.01.040","article-title":"A point of application study to determine the accuracy, precision and reliability of a low-cost balance plate for center of pressure measurement","volume":"71","author":"Goble","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.04.189","article-title":"The effect of different unstable footwear constructions on centre of pressure motion during standing","volume":"40","author":"Plom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b24","unstructured":"Department of International Economic and Social Affairs. Provisional Guidelines on Standard International Age Classifications. New York, NY: United Nations;1982:1\u201328."},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(81)90054-7","article-title":"Neural development in children: a neurophysiological study","volume":"52","author":"Bawa","year":"1981","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0387-7604(95)00009-Z","article-title":"Developmental perspective of sensory organization on postural control","volume":"17","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.08.003","article-title":"Postural sway in children: a literature review","volume":"49","author":"Verbecque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1986.tb03931.x","article-title":"Quantitative vibratory perception thresholds of healthy and epileptic children","volume":"28","author":"Halonen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1123\/ijatt.2016-0086","article-title":"Effects of fatigue on the BTrackS Balance Test for concussion management","volume":"22","author":"Benedict","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Athl Ther Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060408251665300_i1062-6050-54-4-439-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000435","article-title":"BTrackS Balance Test for concussion management is resistant to practice effects","volume":"28","author":"Hearn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/54\/4\/439\/2368857\/1062-6050-178-18.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/54\/4\/439\/2368857\/1062-6050-178-18.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T18:52:15Z","timestamp":1749667935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/54\/4\/article-p439.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-178-18","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]}}}