{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T01:26:07Z","timestamp":1778203567114,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Injuries in professional ultimate Frisbee (ultimate) athletes have never been described.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine injury rates, profiles, and associated factors using the first injury-surveillance program for professional ultimate.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Descriptive epidemiology study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>American Ultimate Disc League professional ultimate teams during the 2017 season.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sixteen all-male teams.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Injury incidence rates (IRs) were calculated as injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs). Incidence rate ratios were determined to compare IRs with 95% confidence intervals, which were used to calculate differences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We observed 299 injuries over 8963 AEs for a total IR of 33.36 per 1000 AEs. Most injuries affected the lower extremity (72%). The most common injuries were thigh-muscle strains (12.7%) and ankle-ligament sprains (11.4%). Running was the most frequent injury mechanism (32%). Twenty-nine percent of injuries involved collisions; however, the concussion rate was low (IR = 0.22 per 1000 AEs). Injuries were more likely to occur during competition and in the second half of games. An artificial turf playing surface did not affect overall injury rates (Mantel-Haenszel incidence rate ratio = 1.28; 95% confidence interval = 0.99, 1.67).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiologic study of professional ultimate injuries. Injury rates were comparable with those of similar collegiate- and professional-level sports.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-269-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T19:54:05Z","timestamp":1577994845000},"page":"195-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in Professional Ultimate Frisbee Athletes"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Hess","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David I.","family":"Swedler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, MD"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine S.","family":"Collins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Ponce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugene W.","family":"Brabston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"key":"2020060414145460900_i1062-6050-55-2-195-b01","article-title":"History of ultimate","year":"2018","journal-title":"The American Ultimate Disc League Web site"},{"key":"2020060414145460900_i1062-6050-55-2-195-b02","article-title":"Ultimate: the aim of the 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