{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T07:19:33Z","timestamp":1793949573557,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many high school pitchers play another position after they have finished pitching for the day or on their rest days from pitching. Because of the cumulative demands on the arm, pitchers who also play catcher may have a greater risk of developing a throwing-related shoulder or elbow injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To compare the rate of throwing-related upper extremity injuries between high school baseball pitchers who also played catcher as a secondary position and those who did not play catcher.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Field laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 384 male high school baseball pitchers were recruited from 51 high school teams. Pitchers who reported their secondary position as catcher were classified into the pitcher\/catcher group and those who did not report playing catcher as a secondary position were classified into the other group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants completed a demographic questionnaire preseason and then athlete participation and injury status were tracked during the subsequent season. Athlete-exposures were monitored and the shoulder and elbow injury proportion rates were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Athlete-exposures did not differ between groups (P = .488). The pitcher\/catcher group's risk of shoulder or elbow injury was 2.9 times greater than that of the other pitchers (15% versus 5%; injury proportion rate = 2.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.03, 8.12).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pitchers who reported also playing catcher were at a greater risk of sustaining a throwing-related shoulder or elbow injury than the other pitchers. These findings suggest that pitchers should consider not playing catcher as their secondary position in order to allow adequate time for recovery and to decrease their overall throwing load. Serial physical examinations of pitchers\/catchers during the season may be useful in determining if their physical characteristics are changing during the season because of the cumulative throwing load.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-322-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,17]],"date-time":"2018-05-17T15:37:02Z","timestamp":1526571422000},"page":"510-513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Rate of Upper Extremity Injury in High School Baseball Pitchers Who Played Catcher as a Secondary Position"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth E.","family":"Hibberd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakiko","family":"Oyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas, San Antonio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Myers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampa Bay Rays, St Petersburg, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b01","article-title":"2014\u201315 High school athletics participation survey","year":"2018","journal-title":"National Federation of State High School Associations Web site"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546503262166","article-title":"Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in high school baseball players: clinical results and injury risk factors","volume":"32","author":"Petty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505284188","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"34","author":"Olsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0961","article-title":"Shoulder injuries in US high school baseball and softball athletes, 2005\u20132008","volume":"125","author":"Krajnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2013.770907","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of kinematics and kinetics of catchers throwing to second base","volume":"31","author":"Plummer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2015.08.005","article-title":"Descriptive analysis of kinematics and kinetics of catchers throwing to second base from their knees","volume":"29","author":"Plummer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b07","article-title":"Coming down: throwing mechanics of baseball catchers","author":"Fortenbaugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paper presented at: 28th International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports; July 19\u201323"},{"key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b08","article-title":"Guidelines for youth and adolescent pitchers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pitch Smart\u2014USA Baseball Web site"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510384224","article-title":"Risk of serious injury for young baseball pitchers: a 10-year prospective study","volume":"39","author":"Fleisig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300040201","article-title":"Effect of pitch type, pitch count, and pitching mechanics on risk of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers","volume":"30","author":"Lyman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b11","first-page":"375","article-title":"Assessing posterior shoulder contracture: the reliability and validity of measuring glenohumeral joint horizontal adduction","volume":"41","author":"Laudner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507304142","article-title":"Reliability, precision, accuracy, and validity of posterior shoulder tightness assessment in overhead athletes","volume":"35","author":"Myers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00148.2009","article-title":"Gross ultrastructural changes and necrotic fiber segments in elbow flexor muscles after maximal voluntary eccentric action in humans","volume":"107","author":"Lauritzen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199205000-00004","article-title":"Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation","volume":"24","author":"Clarkson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00635995","article-title":"The consequences of eccentric contractions and their relationship to delayed onset muscle pain","volume":"57","author":"Newham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507308935","article-title":"Changes in shoulder and elbow passive range of motion after pitching in professional baseball players","volume":"36","author":"Reinold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504266071","article-title":"Upper and lower extremity muscle fatigue after a baseball pitching performance","volume":"33","author":"Mullaney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000791","article-title":"Change in pitching biomechanics in the late-inning in Taiwanese high school baseball pitchers","volume":"29","author":"Pei-Hsi Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.92","article-title":"Acromiohumeral distance and 3-dimensional scapular position change after overhead muscle fatigue","volume":"50","author":"Maenhout","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.018","article-title":"Changes in infraspinatus cross-sectional area and shoulder range of motion with repetitive eccentric external rotator contraction","volume":"26","author":"Oyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.4.03","article-title":"Acromiohumeral distance during neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles in healthy participants","volume":"50","author":"Bdaiwi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b22","article-title":"Regular season pitching rules\u2014baseball and softball","year":"2018","journal-title":"Little League Web site"},{"issue":"13","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410701215066","article-title":"Relationships between training load, injury, and fitness in sub-elite collision sport athletes","volume":"25","author":"Gabbett","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S139","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0253-z","article-title":"Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes","volume":"44","author":"Halson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411365981000_i1062-6050-53-5-510-b25","first-page":"311","article-title":"Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives","volume":"42","author":"Hootman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/53\/5\/510\/1459822\/1062-6050-322-16.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/53\/5\/510\/1459822\/1062-6050-322-16.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T18:56:15Z","timestamp":1749668175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/53\/5\/article-p510.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-322-16","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]]}}}