{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:13:00Z","timestamp":1788667980057,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The Cuff Link is a closed kinetic chain rehabilitation apparatus for the upper extremity. Limited research has established its effectiveness to elicit muscle activation of the scapular muscles.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To determine if scapular muscle activation differs in response to 2 upper extremity closed kinetic chain exercises: Cuff Link and standard push-up.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>A single-group, repeated-measures design.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Controlled laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Twenty-eight healthy individuals (13 women: age \u200a=\u200a 19.69 \u00b1 1.55 years, height \u200a=\u200a 167.44 \u00b1 9.52 cm, mass \u200a=\u200a 61.00 \u00b1 8.79 kg; 15 men: age \u200a=\u200a 22.00 \u00b1 3.91 years, height \u200a=\u200a 181.44 \u00b1 6.60 cm, mass \u200a=\u200a 82.36 \u00b1 13.23 kg) with no history of shoulder or low back injury volunteered to participate in this study.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Participants performed 10 trials of complete revolutions on the Cuff Link and 10 full\u2013weight-bearing push-ups. We controlled trial velocity and randomized order. Trunk and shoulder positions were normalized to the participant's height. Using surface electromyography, we recorded muscle activity of the serratus anterior, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius. Rectified and smoothed electromyography data for the serratus anterior, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius were normalized as a percentage of the maximal voluntary isometric contractions (%MVIC).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Mean muscle activity of the serratus anterior, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius. We used paired-samples <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests to analyze the mean data for each condition. The \u03b1 level was adjusted to .016 to avoid a type I error.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Middle trapezius %MVIC was greater during push-ups (27.01 \u00b1 20.40%) than during use of the Cuff Link (11.49 \u00b1 9.46%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .001). Lower trapezius %MVIC was greater during push-ups (36.07 \u00b1 18.99%) than during use of the Cuff Link (16.29 \u00b1 8.64%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .001). There was no difference in %MVIC for the serratus anterior between conditions.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The push-up demonstrated greater middle trapezius and lower trapezius activation levels compared with the Cuff Link. However, the push-up had a high participant failure rate. Because serratus anterior activation levels were similar, the Cuff Link may be an appropriate alternative for individuals lacking the upper body strength to perform a push-up.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-43.5.464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,30]],"date-time":"2009-12-30T15:36:57Z","timestamp":1262187417000},"page":"464-469","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Electromyography of 3 Scapular Muscles: A Comparative Analysis of The Cuff Link Device and a Standard Push-Up"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"W. Steven","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toledo, Toledo, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik E.","family":"Swartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles W.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toledo, Toledo, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"key":"i1062-6050-43-5-464-American1","article-title":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Orthopaedic fast facts.","unstructured":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 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L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Voight, M. L. and B. C.Thomson. The role of the scapula in the rehabilitation of shoulder injuries.J Athl Train2000. 353:364\u2013372."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-5-464-Davies1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"449","article-title":"Neuromuscular testing and rehabilitation of the shoulder complex.","volume":"18","author":"Davies, G. J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Davies, G. J. and S.Dickoff-Hoffman. Neuromuscular testing and rehabilitation of the shoulder complex.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1993. 182:449\u2013458."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-5-464-Stone1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"34","article-title":"Closed kinetic chain rehabilitation for the glenohumeral joint.","volume":"28","author":"Stone, J. A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stone, J. A., J. S.Lueken, N. B.Partin, K. E.Timm, and E. J.RyanIII. 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