{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T16:42:16Z","timestamp":1793637736515,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Few researchers have examined shoulder strength in adolescent volleyball athletes despite increasing levels of participation in this age group.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To compare medial and lateral isokinetic peak torque of the rotator cuff among skill levels and between athletes with and without a history of shoulder injury.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Cross-sectional design.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The Human Performance Lab and Athletic Training Lab.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Thirty-eight female adolescent club volleyball athletes from 10 to 15 years of age (mean \u200a=\u200a 13.02 \u00b1 1.60 years).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>We measured concentric and eccentric peak torque of the medial and lateral rotators of the shoulder and calculated resultant cocking and spiking ratios based on peak torque values.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Athletes at higher skill levels had higher peak torque measurements in concentric and eccentric medial and lateral rotation compared with the athletes at lower skill levels. No differences in peak torque existed between participants with or without an injury history 6 months before the study. Strength ratios did not differ across skill levels, but previously injured participants produced lower eccentric medial rotation to concentric lateral rotation ratios compared with participants without a history of injury (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .02). At the highest skill level, previously injured participants produced lower eccentric lateral rotation to concentric medial rotation ratios compared with participants without an injury history (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .04).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Differences in medial and lateral shoulder rotator strength ratios appear to be related more to injury prevalence than to absolute strength. Shoulder dysfunction related to strength ratio deficits also may exist in adolescent female volleyball athletes. Preventive shoulder strengthening programs focused on improving eccentric strength and correcting imbalances between medial and lateral rotators may be warranted for all female adolescent volleyball athletes.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-43.6.571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,11]],"date-time":"2010-06-11T19:09:02Z","timestamp":1276283342000},"page":"571-577","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Isokinetic Peak Torque Ratios and Shoulder Injury History in Adolescent Female Volleyball Athletes"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Stickley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald K.","family":"Hetzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bret G.","family":"Freemyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris F.","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-Aagaard1","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","first-page":"228","article-title":"Injuries in elite volleyball.","volume":"6","author":"Aagaard, H.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aagaard, H. and U.Jorgensen. Injuries in elite volleyball.Scand J Med Sci Sports1996. 64:228\u2013232."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-Aagaard2","series-title":"Int J Sports Med","first-page":"217","article-title":"An epidemiological analysis of the injury pattern in indoor and in beach volleyball.","volume":"18","author":"Aagaard, H.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aagaard, H., M.Scavenius, and U.Jorgensen. An epidemiological analysis of the injury pattern in indoor and in beach volleyball.Int J Sports Med1997. 183:217\u2013221."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-Augustsson1","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","first-page":"433","article-title":"Injuries and preventive actions in elite Swedish volleyball.","volume":"16","author":"Augustsson, S. R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Augustsson, S. R., J.Augustsson, R.Thomee, and U.Svantesson. 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The impact of rotator cuff pathology on isometric and isokinetic strength, function, and quality of life.J Shoulder Elbow Surg2004. 136:593\u2013598."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-McCabe1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"130","article-title":"The effect of rotator cuff tear size on shoulder strength and range of motion.","volume":"35","author":"McCabe, R. A.","year":"2005","unstructured":"McCabe, R. A., S. J.Nicholas, K. D.Montgomery, J. J.Finneran, and M. P.McHugh. The effect of rotator cuff tear size on shoulder strength and range of motion.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2005. 353:130\u2013135."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-Tyler1","series-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg","first-page":"570","article-title":"Quantifying shoulder rotation weakness in patients with shoulder impingement.","volume":"14","author":"Tyler, T. F.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tyler, T. F., R. C.Nahow, S. J.Nicholas, and M. P.McHugh. Quantifying shoulder rotation weakness in patients with shoulder impingement.J Shoulder Elbow Surg2005. 146:570\u2013574."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-Caine1","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"500","article-title":"Incidence and distribution of pediatric sport-related injuries.","volume":"16","author":"Caine, D.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Caine, D., C.Caine, and N.Maffulli. Incidence and distribution of pediatric sport-related injuries.Clin J Sport Med2006. 166:500\u2013513."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-Kocher1","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"117","article-title":"Upper extremity injuries in the paediatric athlete.","volume":"30","author":"Kocher, M. S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kocher, M. S., P. M.Waters, and L. J.Micheli. Upper extremity injuries in the paediatric athlete.Sports Med2000. 302:117\u2013135."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-Paterson1","series-title":"Clin Sports Med","first-page":"681","article-title":"Shoulder injuries in the childhood athlete.","volume":"19","author":"Paterson, P. D.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Paterson, P. D. and P. M.Waters. Shoulder injuries in the childhood athlete.Clin Sports Med2000. 194:681\u2013692."},{"issue":"5, pt 1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-Alfredson1","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","first-page":"265","article-title":"Concentric and eccentric shoulder and elbow muscle strength in female volleyball players and non-active females.","volume":"8","author":"Alfredson, H.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alfredson, H., T.Pietila, and R.Lorentzon. 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E.Saunders, and A. S.Goffinett. Isokinetic profile of baseball pitchers' internal\/external rotation 180, 300, 450 degrees\u00b7s\u22121.Med Sci Sports Exerc1998. 3010:1489\u20131495."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-Noffal1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"537","article-title":"Isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of the shoulder rotator muscles in throwers and nonthrowers.","volume":"31","author":"Noffal, G. J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Noffal, G. J.\n          \n          Isokinetic eccentric-to-concentric strength ratios of the shoulder rotator muscles in throwers and nonthrowers.\n          Am J Sports Med\n          2003. 314:537\u2013541."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-571-Sirota1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"59","article-title":"An eccentric- and concentric-strength profile of shoulder external and internal rotator muscles in professional baseball pitchers.","volume":"25","author":"Sirota, S. 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