{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:28:24Z","timestamp":1787030904968,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To present recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of environmental cold injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals engaged in sport-related or work-related physical activity in cold, wet, or windy conditions are at risk for environmental cold injuries. An understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology, risk management, recognition, and immediate care of environmental cold injuries is an essential skill for certified athletic trainers and other health care providers working with individuals at risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recommendations:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These recommendations are intended to provide certified athletic trainers and others participating in athletic health care with the specific knowledge and problem-solving skills needed to address environmental cold injuries. Each recommendation has been graded (A, B, or C) according to the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy criterion scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-43.6.640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,11]],"date-time":"2010-06-11T15:09:02Z","timestamp":1276268942000},"page":"640-658","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Environmental Cold Injuries"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Cappaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monument, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bentley Andrew","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University, Athens, OH"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Luge Association, Lake Placid, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradford A.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lake Placid Sports Medicine, Lake Placid, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Sallis1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"1367","article-title":"Recognizing and treating common cold-induced injury in outdoor sports.","volume":"31","author":"Sallis, R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sallis, R. and C. M.Chassay. Recognizing and treating common cold-induced injury in outdoor sports.Med Sci Sports Exerc1999. 3110:1367\u20131373."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-RavAcha1","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"702","article-title":"Cold injuries among Israeli soldiers operating and training in a semiarid zone: a 10-year review.","volume":"169","author":"Rav-Acha, M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rav-Acha, M., Y.Heled, and D. S.Moran. Cold injuries among Israeli soldiers operating and training in a semiarid zone: a 10-year review.Mil Med2004. 1699:702\u2013706."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Reynolds1","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"905","article-title":"Injuries and risk factors in an 18-day Marine winter mountain training exercise.","volume":"165","author":"Reynolds, K.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reynolds, K., J.Williams, C.Miller, A.Mathis, and J.Dettori. Injuries and risk factors in an 18-day Marine winter mountain training exercise.Mil Med2000. 16512:905\u2013910."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Jones1","series-title":"Physician Sportsmed","first-page":"103","article-title":"Medical complaints after a marathon run in cool weather.","volume":"13","author":"Jones, B. H.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jones, B. H., P. B.Rock, L. S.Smith, et al. Medical complaints after a marathon run in cool weather.Physician Sportsmed1985. 1310:103\u2013110."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Castellani1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"2012","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand: prevention of cold injuries during exercise.","volume":"38","author":"Castellani, J. W.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Castellani, J. W., A. J.Young, M. B.Ducharme, G. G.Giesbrecht, E.Glickman, and R. E.Sallis. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: prevention of cold injuries during exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc2006. 3811:2012\u20132029."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-DeGroot1","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med","first-page":"564","article-title":"Epidemiology of U.S. Army cold weather injuries, 1980\u20131999.","volume":"74","author":"DeGroot, D. W.","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeGroot, D. W., J. W.Castellani, J. O.Williams, and P. J.Amoroso. Epidemiology of U.S. Army cold weather injuries, 1980\u20131999.Aviat Space Environ Med2003. 745:564\u2013570."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Danzl1","series-title":"Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice","first-page":"2236","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia.","author":"Danzl, D. F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Danzl, D. F.\n          \n          Accidental hypothermia.\n          In:\n          \n            \n              Marx, J. A.\n          \n          Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. Vol 3.St Louis, MOMosby. 2006. 2236\u20132254."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Hamlet1","series-title":"Human Performance Physiology and Environmental Medicine at Terrestrial Extremes","first-page":"435","article-title":"Human cold injuries.","author":"Hamlet, M. P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hamlet, M. P.\n          \n          Human cold injuries.\n          In:\n          \n            \n              Pandolf, K. B., M. N.Sawka, and R. R.Gonzalez. Human Performance Physiology and Environmental Medicine at Terrestrial Extremes. Indianapolis, INBenchmark Press. 1988. 435\u2013466."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Ulrich1","series-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am","first-page":"281","article-title":"Hypothermia and localized cold injuries.","volume":"22","author":"Ulrich, A. S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ulrich, A. S. and N. K.Rathlev. Hypothermia and localized cold injuries.Emerg Med Clin North Am2004. 222:281\u2013298."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Murphy1","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"171","article-title":"Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment.","volume":"48","author":"Murphy, J. V.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murphy, J. V., P. E.Banwell, A. H. N.Roberts, and D. A.McGrouther. Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment.J Trauma2000. 481:171\u2013178."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Hamlet2","series-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health","first-page":"108","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of cold injury.","volume":"59","author":"Hamlet, M. P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hamlet, M. P.\n          \n          Prevention and treatment of cold injury.\n          Int J Circumpolar Health\n          2000. 592:108\u2013113."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Hassi1","series-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health","first-page":"90","article-title":"Frostbite, a common cold injury: challenges in treatment and prevention.","volume":"59","author":"Hassi, J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hassi, J.\n          \n          Frostbite, a common cold injury: challenges in treatment and prevention.\n          Int J Circumpolar Health\n          2000. 592:90\u201391."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Mills1","series-title":"Textbooks of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments","first-page":"429","article-title":"Clinical aspects of freezing cold injury.","author":"Mills, W. J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mills, W. J.\n          \n          Clinical aspects of freezing cold injury.\n          In:\n          \n            \n              Pandolf, K. B. and R. E.Burr. Textbooks of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments. Vol 1.Falls Church, VAOffice of The Surgeon General, US Army. 2002. 429\u2013466."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Thomas1","series-title":"Textbooks of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments","first-page":"467","article-title":"Nonfreezing cold injury.","author":"Thomas, J. R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Thomas, J. R. and E. H. N.Oakley. Nonfreezing cold injury.In:Pandolf, K. B. and R. E.Burr. Textbooks of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments. Vol 1.Falls Church, VAOffice of The Surgeon General, US Army. 2002. 467\u2013490."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Strength1","article-title":"American Academy of Family Physicians.","unstructured":"Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT)\n          \n          American Academy of Family Physicians.\n          \n            http:\/\/www.aafp.org\/afp\/20040201\/548.html. 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W.\n          \n          Environmental and physical stress and nutrient requirements.\n          Am J Clinic Nutr\n          1995;. 613 suppl:631S\u2013637S."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Casa1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"212","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes.","volume":"35","author":"Casa, D. J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Casa, D. J., L. E.Armstrong, S. K.Hillman, et al. National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes.J Athl Train2000. 352:212\u2013224."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-United1","article-title":"MyPyramid.gov.","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture\n          \n          MyPyramid.gov.\n          \n            www.mypyramid.gov. Accessed February 1, 2006."},{"issue":"5, pt 2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Knight1","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"R560","article-title":"Urinary responses to cold temperature during water immersion.","volume":"248","author":"Knight, D. R.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Knight, D. R. and S. M.Horvath. Urinary responses to cold temperature during water immersion.Am J Physiol1985. 2485, pt 2:R560\u2013R566."},{"issue":"3, pt 2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Allen1","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"R524","article-title":"Mechanisms for the diuresis of acute cold exposure: role for vasopressin?","volume":"264","author":"Allen, D. E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Allen, D. E. and M.Gellai. 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Thirst sensations and AVP responses at rest and during exercise-cold exposure.Med Sci Sports Exerc2004. 369:1528\u20131534."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Kuehn1","series-title":"Sports Science Periodical on Research and Technology in Sport","first-page":"51","article-title":"Managing and monitoring cold stress in sport.","author":"Kuehn, L. A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kuehn, L. A.\n          \n          Managing and monitoring cold stress in sport.\n          In:. Sports Science Periodical on Research and Technology in Sport. Ottawa, ON, CanadaThe Coaching Association of Canada. 1985. 51\u201362."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Priest1","series-title":"J Phys Educ Rec Dance","first-page":"45","article-title":"Preventing cold injuries.","volume":"60","author":"Priest, S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Priest, S., T.Dixon, and M.Strong. Preventing cold injuries.J Phys Educ Rec Dance1989. 608:45\u201350."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Danielsson1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"2666","article-title":"Windchill and the risk of tissue freezing.","volume":"81(6)","author":"Danielsson, U.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Danielsson, U.\n          \n          Windchill and the risk of tissue freezing.\n          J Appl Physiol\n          1996. 81(6):2666\u20132673. ."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-National1","article-title":"Windchill terms and definition.","unstructured":"National Weather Service\n          \n          Windchill terms and definition.\n          \n            http:\/\/www.nws.noaa.gov\/om\/windchill\/windchillglossary.shtml. Accessed February 15, 2006."},{"issue":"13","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Moran1","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"909","article-title":"Current opinion: potential applications of heat and cold stress indices to sporting events.","volume":"31","author":"Moran, D. S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moran, D. S.\n          \n          Current opinion: potential applications of heat and cold stress indices to sporting events.\n          Sports Med\n          2001. 3113:909\u2013917."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Holmer1","series-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health","first-page":"147","article-title":"Work in the cold: review of methods for assessment of cold exposure.","volume":"65","author":"Holmer, I.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Holmer, I.\n          \n          Work in the cold: review of methods for assessment of cold exposure.\n          Int Arch Occup Environ Health\n          1993. 653:147\u2013155."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Rissanen1","series-title":"Ergonomics","first-page":"141","article-title":"Thermal responses and physiological strain in men wearing impermeable and semipermeable protective clothing in the cold.","volume":"40","author":"Rissanen, S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rissanen, S. and H.Rintamaki. Thermal responses and physiological strain in men wearing impermeable and semipermeable protective clothing in the cold.Ergonomics1997. 402:141\u2013150."},{"issue":"8500","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Smolander1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"226","article-title":"Clothing, hypothermia, and long-distance skiing.","volume":"2","author":"Smolander, J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Smolander, J., V.Louhevaara, and M.Ahonen. Clothing, hypothermia, and long-distance skiing.Lancet1986. 28500:226\u2013227."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Tanaka1","series-title":"Ergonomics","first-page":"141","article-title":"Thermal reaction and manual performance during cold exposure while wearing cold-protective clothing.","volume":"26","author":"Tanaka, M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Tanaka, M., Y.Tochihara, S.Yamazaki, T.Ohnaka, and K.Yoshida. Thermal reaction and manual performance during cold exposure while wearing cold-protective clothing.Ergonomics1983. 262:141\u2013149."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Nuckton1","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","first-page":"703","article-title":"Hypothermia and afterdrop following open water swimming; the Alcatraz\/San Francisco swim study.","volume":"18","author":"Nuckton, T. J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nuckton, T. J., D. M.Claman, D.Goldreich, F. C.Wendt, and J. G.Nuckton. Hypothermia and afterdrop following open water swimming; the Alcatraz\/San Francisco swim study.Am J Emerg Med2000. 186:703\u2013707."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Romet1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Mechanism of afterdrop after cold water immersion.","volume":"65","author":"Romet, T. T.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Romet, T. T.\n          \n          Mechanism of afterdrop after cold water immersion.\n          J Appl Physiol\n          1988. 654:1535\u20131538."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Giesbrecht1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1630","article-title":"Inhibition of shivering increases core temperature afterdrop and attenuates rewarming in hypothermic humans.","volume":"83","author":"Giesbrecht, G. G.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Giesbrecht, G. G., M. S.Goheen, C. E.Johnston, G. P.Kenny, G. K.Bristow, and J. S.Hayward. Inhibition of shivering increases core temperature afterdrop and attenuates rewarming in hypothermic humans.J Appl Physiol1997. 835:1630\u20131634."},{"issue":"14","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Moran2","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"879","article-title":"Core temperature measurement: methods and current insights.","volume":"32","author":"Moran, D. S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moran, D. S. and L.Mendal. Core temperature measurement: methods and current insights.Sports Med2002. 3214:879\u2013885."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Danzl2","series-title":"Textbooks of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments","first-page":"491","article-title":"Treatment of accidental hypothermia.","author":"Danzl, D. F.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Danzl, D. F. and E. L.Lloyd. Treatment of accidental hypothermia.In:Pandolf, K. B. and R. E.Burr. Textbooks of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments. Vol 1.Falls Church, VAOffice of The Surgeon General, US Army. 2002. 491\u2013529."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Petrone1","series-title":"Emerg Med Clinic North Am","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Kuncir EJ. Asensio JA. Surgical management and strategies in the treatment of hypothermia and cold injury.","volume":"21","author":"Petrone, P.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petrone, P.\n          \n          Kuncir EJ. Asensio JA. 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Assessment of acid-base disturbances in hypothermia and their physiologic consequences.Ann Emerg Med1989. 181:72\u201382."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Giesbrecht2","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"2375","article-title":"Effectiveness of three field treatments for induced mild (33.0 degrees C) hypothermia.","volume":"63","author":"Giesbrecht, G. G.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Giesbrecht, G. G., G. K.Bristow, A.Uin, A. E.Ready, and R. A.Jones. Effectiveness of three field treatments for induced mild (33.0 degrees C) hypothermia.J Appl Physiol1987. 636:2375\u20132379."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Daanen1","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med","first-page":"1070","article-title":"Comparison of four noninvasive rewarming methods for mild hypothermia.","volume":"63","author":"Daanen, H. A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Daanen, H. A. and F. J.Van de Linde. Comparison of four noninvasive rewarming methods for mild hypothermia.Aviat Space Environ Med1992. 6312:1070\u20131076."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Kornberger1","series-title":"Resuscitation","first-page":"105","article-title":"Forced air surface rewarming in patients with severe accidental hypothermia.","volume":"41","author":"Kornberger, E.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kornberger, E., B.Schwarz, K. H.Lindner, and P.Mair. Forced air surface rewarming in patients with severe accidental hypothermia.Resuscitation1999. 412:105\u2013111."},{"issue":"21","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Walpoth1","series-title":"New Engl J Med","first-page":"1500","article-title":"Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming.","volume":"337","author":"Walpoth, B. H.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Walpoth, B. H., B. N.Walpoth-Aslan, H. P.Mattle, et al. Outcome of survivors of accidental deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest treated with extracorporeal blood warming.New Engl J Med1997. 33721:1500\u20131505."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Visetti1","series-title":"Minerva Anestesiol","first-page":"471","article-title":"Severe accidental hypothermia successfully treated by warmed peritoneal lavage.","volume":"64","author":"Visetti, E.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Visetti, E., M.Pastorelli, and M.Bruno. Severe accidental hypothermia successfully treated by warmed peritoneal lavage.Minerva Anestesiol1998. 6410:471\u2013475."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Aslam1","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"297","article-title":"Hypothermia: evaluation, electrocardiographic manifestations, and management.","volume":"119","author":"Aslam, A. F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aslam, A. F., A. K.Aslam, B. C.Vasavada, and I. A.Khan. Hypothermia: evaluation, electrocardiographic manifestations, and management.Am J Med2006. 1194:297\u2013301."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Collins1","series-title":"Wilderness Environ Med","first-page":"31","article-title":"Hypothermia with profound anemia and pancreatitis.","volume":"17","author":"Collins, A. M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Collins, A. M. and D. F.Danzl. Hypothermia with profound anemia and pancreatitis.Wilderness Environ Med2006. 171:31\u201335."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Biem1","series-title":"CMAJ","first-page":"305","article-title":"Out of the cold: management of hypothermia and frostbite.","volume":"168","author":"Biem, J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Biem, J., N.Koehncke, D.Classen, and J.Dosman. Out of the cold: management of hypothermia and frostbite.CMAJ2003. 1683:305\u2013311."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Bird1","series-title":"Emerg Nurse","first-page":"17","article-title":"Identification and management of frostbite injuries.","volume":"7","author":"Bird, D.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bird, D.\n          \n          Identification and management of frostbite injuries.\n          Emerg Nurse\n          2000. 78:17\u201319."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Murphy2","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"171","article-title":"Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment.","volume":"48","author":"Murphy, J. V.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murphy, J. V., P. E.Banwell, A. H. N.Roberts, and D. A.McGrouther. Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment.J Trauma2000. 481:171\u2013178."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Bruen1","series-title":"Arch Surg","first-page":"546","article-title":"Reduction of the incidence of amputation in frostbite injury with thrombolytic therapy.","volume":"142","author":"Bruen, K. J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bruen, K. J., J. R.Ballard, S. E.Morris, A.Cochran, L. S.Edelman, and J. R.Saffle. Reduction of the incidence of amputation in frostbite injury with thrombolytic therapy.Arch Surg2007. 1426:546\u2013551."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Toner1","series-title":"Handbook of Physiology: Environmental","first-page":"379","article-title":"Human thermoregulatory responses to acute cold stress with special reference to water immersion.","author":"Toner, M. M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Toner, M. M. and W. D.McArdle. Human thermoregulatory responses to acute cold stress with special reference to water immersion.In:Fregly, M. J. and C. M.Blatteis. Handbook of Physiology: Environmental. Vol 1.New York, NYOxford Press. 1996. 379\u2013397."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Ferretti1","series-title":"J Appl Phsyiol","first-page":"2473","article-title":"Conductive and convective heat flows of exercising humans in cold water.","volume":"67","author":"Ferretti, G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ferretti, G., A.Veicsteinas, and D. W.Rennie. Conductive and convective heat flows of exercising humans in cold water.J Appl Phsyiol1989. 676:2473\u20132480."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Toner2","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1355","article-title":"Thermal responses during arm and leg and combined arm-leg exercise in water.","volume":"56","author":"Toner, M. M.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Toner, M. M., M. N.Sawka, and K. B.Pandolf. Thermal responses during arm and leg and combined arm-leg exercise in water.J Appl Physiol1984. 565:1355\u20131360."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Kaufman1","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med","first-page":"23","article-title":"Wind chill reconsidered, Siple revisited.","volume":"57","author":"Kaufman, W. C.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kaufman, W. C. and D. J.Bothe. Wind chill reconsidered, Siple revisited.Aviat Space Environ Med1986. 571:23\u201326."},{"issue":"6, pt 2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Weller1","series-title":"Am J Physiol","first-page":"R2025","article-title":"Physiological responses to cold stress during prolonged intermittent low- and high-intensity walking.","volume":"272","author":"Weller, A. S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Weller, A. S., C. E.Millard, M. A.Stroud, P. L.Greenhaff, and I. A.Macdonald. Physiological responses to cold stress during prolonged intermittent low- and high-intensity walking.Am J Physiol1997. 2726, pt 2:R2025\u2013R2033."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Lee1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1523","article-title":"Thermal and metabolic responses to cold-water immersion at knee, hip, and shoulder levels.","volume":"82","author":"Lee, D. T.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lee, D. T., M. M.Toner, W. D.McArdle, J. S.Vrabas, and K. B.Pandolf. Thermal and metabolic responses to cold-water immersion at knee, hip, and shoulder levels.J Appl Physiol1997. 825:1523\u20131530."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Young1","series-title":"Proceedings of 1997 Nagano Symposium on Sports Science","first-page":"273","article-title":"Human physiological responses to cold exposure.","author":"Young, A. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Young, A. J., J. W.Castellani, and M. N.Sawka. Human physiological responses to cold exposure.In:Nose, H., E. R.Nadel, and T.Morimoto. Proceedings of 1997 Nagano Symposium on Sports Science. Carmel, INCooper Publishing Group. 1998. 273\u2013286."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Jacobs1","series-title":"Exerc Sports Sci Rev","first-page":"221","article-title":"Thermoregulatory thermogenesis in humans during cold stress.","volume":"22","author":"Jacobs, I.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jacobs, I., L.Martineau, and A. L.Vallerand. Thermoregulatory thermogenesis in humans during cold stress.Exerc Sports Sci Rev1994. 22:221\u2013250."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Tikuisis1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1996","article-title":"Shivering onset, metabolic response, and convective heat transfer during cold air exposure.","volume":"70","author":"Tikuisis, P.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tikuisis, P., D. G.Bell, and I.Jacobs. Shivering onset, metabolic response, and convective heat transfer during cold air exposure.J Appl Physiol1991. 705:1996\u20132002."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Rothwell1","series-title":"Crit Rev Neurobiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"CNS regulation of thermogenesis.","volume":"8","author":"Rothwell, N. J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rothwell, N. J.\n          \n          CNS regulation of thermogenesis.\n          Crit Rev Neurobiol\n          1994. 81\u20132:1\u201310."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Savage1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1249","article-title":"Control of skin blood flow in the neutral zone of human body temperature regulation.","volume":"80","author":"Savage, M. V.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Savage, M. V. and G. L.Brengelmann. Control of skin blood flow in the neutral zone of human body temperature regulation.J Appl Physiol1996. 804:1249\u20131257."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Veicsteinas1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1557","article-title":"Superficial shell insulation in resting and exercising men in cold water.","volume":"52","author":"Veicsteinas, A.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Veicsteinas, A., G.Ferretti, and D. W.Rennie. Superficial shell insulation in resting and exercising men in cold water.J Appl Physiol1982. 526:1557\u20131564."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-OBrien1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Reproducibility of the cold-induced vasodilation response in the human finger.","volume":"98","author":"O'Brien, C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"O'Brien, C.\n          \n          Reproducibility of the cold-induced vasodilation response in the human finger.\n          J Appl Physiol\n          2005. 984:1334\u20131340."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Danzl3","series-title":"Wilderness Medicine: Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies","first-page":"51","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia.","author":"Danzl, D. F.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Danzl, D. F., R. S.Pozos, and M. P.Hamlet. Accidental hypothermia.In:Auerbach, P. A.Wilderness Medicine: Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies. 3rd ed.St Louis, MOMosby. 1995. 51\u2013103."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Danzl4","series-title":"Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice","first-page":"2228","article-title":"Frostbite.","author":"Danzl, D. F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Danzl, D. F.\n          \n          Frostbite.\n          In:\n          \n            \n              Marx, J. A.\n          \n          Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. Vol 3.St Louis, MOMosby. 2006. 2228\u20132236."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-McCauley1","series-title":"Wilderness Medicine: Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies","first-page":"129","article-title":"Frostbite and other cold-induced injuries.","author":"McCauley, R. L.","year":"1995","unstructured":"McCauley, R. L., D. J.SmithJr, M. C.Robson, and J. P.Heggers. Frostbite and other cold-induced injuries.In:Auerbach, P. A.Wilderness Medicine: Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies. 3rd ed.St Louis, MOMosby. 1995. 129\u2013145."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Charkoudian1","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"603","article-title":"Skin blood flow in adult human thermoregulation: how it works, when it does not, and why.","volume":"78","author":"Charkoudian, N.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Charkoudian, N.\n          \n          Skin blood flow in adult human thermoregulation: how it works, when it does not, and why.\n          Mayo Clin Proc\n          2003. 785:603\u2013612."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Healy1","series-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health","first-page":"784","article-title":"Excess winter mortality in Europe: a cross country analysis identifying key risk factors.","volume":"57","author":"Healy, J. D.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Healy, J. D.\n          \n          Excess winter mortality in Europe: a cross country analysis identifying key risk factors.\n          J Epidemiol Community Health\n          2003. 5710:784\u2013789."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Freund1","series-title":"Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations","first-page":"161","article-title":"Influence of cold stress on human fluid balance.","author":"Freund, B. J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Freund, B. J. and M. N.Sawka. Influence of cold stress on human fluid balance.In:Marriot, B. M. and S. J.Carlson. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DCNational Academy Press. 1996. 161\u2013180."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-OBrien2","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"185","article-title":"Hypohydration and thermoregulation in cold air.","volume":"84","author":"O'Brien, C.","year":"1998","unstructured":"O'Brien, C., A. J.Young, and M. N.Sawka. Hypohydration and thermoregulation in cold air.J Appl Physiol1998. 841:185\u2013189."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Layden1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"774","article-title":"Effects of reduced ambient temperature on fat utilization during submaximal exercise.","volume":"34","author":"Layden, J. D.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Layden, J. D., M. J.Patterson, and M. A.Nimmo. Effects of reduced ambient temperature on fat utilization during submaximal exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc2002. 345:774\u2013779."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Makinen1","series-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol","first-page":"759","article-title":"Effects of metabolic rate on thermal responses at different air velocities in \u221210\u00b0C.","volume":"128","author":"Makinen, T. T.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Makinen, T. T., D.Gavhed, I.Holmer, and H.Rintamaki. Effects of metabolic rate on thermal responses at different air velocities in \u221210\u00b0C.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol2001. 1284:759\u2013768."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Fellows1","series-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)","first-page":"525","article-title":"The effect of undernutrition on thermoregulation in the elderly.","volume":"69","author":"Fellows, I. W.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fellows, I. W., I. A.Macdonald, T.Bennett, and S. P.Allison. The effect of undernutrition on thermoregulation in the elderly.Clin Sci (Lond)1985. 695:525\u2013532."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Ainslie1","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"619","article-title":"Physiological and metabolic aspects of very prolonged exercise with particular reference to hill walking.","volume":"35","author":"Ainslie, P. N.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ainslie, P. N., I. T.Campbell, J. P.Lambert, D. P. M.MacLaren, and R.Reilly. Physiological and metabolic aspects of very prolonged exercise with particular reference to hill walking.Sports Med2005. 357:619\u2013647."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Tikuisis2","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1319","article-title":"Physiological responses of exercised-fatigued individuals exposed to wet-cold conditions.","volume":"86","author":"Tikuisis, P.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tikuisis, P., M. B.Ducharme, D.Moroz, and I.Jacobs. Physiological responses of exercised-fatigued individuals exposed to wet-cold conditions.J Appl Physiol1999. 864:1319\u20131328."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Castellani2","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"204","article-title":"Human thermoregulatory responses during serial cold water immersions.","volume":"85","author":"Castellani, J. W.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Castellani, J. W., A. J.Young, M. N.Sawka, and K. B.Pandolf. Human thermoregulatory responses during serial cold water immersions.J Appl Physiol1998. 851:204\u2013209."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Young2","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Exertional fatigue, sleep loss, and negative energy balance increase susceptibility to hypothermia.","volume":"85","author":"Young, A. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Young, A. J., J. W.Castellani, C.O'Brien, et al. Exertional fatigue, sleep loss, and negative energy balance increase susceptibility to hypothermia.J Appl Physiol1998. 854:1210\u20131217."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Castellani3","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"939","article-title":"Thermoregulation during cold exposure after several days of exhaustive exercise.","volume":"90","author":"Castellani, J. W.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Castellani, J. W., A. J.Young, D. W.Degroot, et al. Thermoregulation during cold exposure after several days of exhaustive exercise.J Appl Physiol2001. 903:939\u2013946."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Castellani4","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"175","article-title":"Eighty-four hours of sustained operations alter thermoregulation during cold exposure.","volume":"35","author":"Castellani, J. W.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Castellani, J. W., D. A.Stulz, D. W.Degroot, et al. Eighty-four hours of sustained operations alter thermoregulation during cold exposure.Med Sci Sports Exerc2003. 351:175\u2013181."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Fox1","series-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol","first-page":"860","article-title":"Effect of alcohol on thermal balance of man in cold water.","volume":"57","author":"Fox, G. R.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Fox, G. R., J. S.Hayward, and G. N.Hobson. Effect of alcohol on thermal balance of man in cold water.Can J Physiol Pharmacol1979. 578:860\u2013865."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Centers1","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"173","article-title":"Hypothermia-related deaths, United States, 2003\u20132004.","volume":"54","year":"2005","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\n          \n          Hypothermia-related deaths, United States, 2003\u20132004.\n          MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep\n          2005. 547:173\u2013175."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-GlickmanWeiss1","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol","first-page":"299","article-title":"Effects of body morphology and mass on thermal responses to cold water: revisited.","volume":"66","author":"Glickman-Weiss, E. L.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Glickman-Weiss, E. L., A. G.Nelson, C. M.Hearon, F. L.Goss, R. J.Robertson, and D. A.Cassinelli. Effects of body morphology and mass on thermal responses to cold water: revisited.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol1993. 664:299\u2013303."},{"issue":"3, pt 1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-GlickmanWeiss2","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med","first-page":"284","article-title":"Thermal and metabolic responses of women with high fat versus low fat body composition during exposure to 5 and 27\u00b0C for 120 minutes.","volume":"70","author":"Glickman-Weiss, E. L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Glickman-Weiss, E. L., A. G.Nelson, C. M.Hearon, R.Prisby, and N.Caine. Thermal and metabolic responses of women with high fat versus low fat body composition during exposure to 5 and 27\u00b0C for 120 minutes.Aviat Space Environ Med1999. 703, pt 1:284\u2013288."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Prisby1","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med","first-page":"887","article-title":"Thermal and metabolic responses of high and low fat women to cold water immersion.","volume":"70","author":"Prisby, R.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Prisby, R., E. L.Glickman-Weiss, A. G.Nelson, and N.Caine. Thermal and metabolic responses of high and low fat women to cold water immersion.Aviat Space Environ Med1999. 709:887\u2013891."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Tikuisis3","series-title":"Undersea Biomed Res","first-page":"123","article-title":"Role of body fat in the prediction of the metabolic response for immersion in cold water.","volume":"15","author":"Tikuisis, P.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tikuisis, P., R. R.Gonzalez, R. A.Oster, and K. B.Pandolf. Role of body fat in the prediction of the metabolic response for immersion in cold water.Undersea Biomed Res1988. 152:123\u2013134."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Moriya1","series-title":"Jpn J Biometeorol","first-page":"77","article-title":"The correlation of thermoregulatory reactions in young men exposure to cold air with their physical fitness.","volume":"30","author":"Moriya, K.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Moriya, K., T.Suda, M.Hattori, and S.Yokoyama. The correlation of thermoregulatory reactions in young men exposure to cold air with their physical fitness.Jpn J Biometeorol1993. 30:77\u201384."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Savourey1","series-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol","first-page":"379","article-title":"Thermoregulatory changes in the cold induced by physical training in humans.","volume":"78","author":"Savourey, G.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Savourey, G. and J.Bittel. Thermoregulatory changes in the cold induced by physical training in humans.Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol1998. 785:379\u2013384."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Sugahara1","series-title":"Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med","first-page":"101","article-title":"Relationship between thermoregulation and cold induced vasodilation during cold exposure with regard to maximal oxygen uptake.","volume":"46","author":"Sugahara, M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sugahara, M. and A.Taimura. Relationship between thermoregulation and cold induced vasodilation during cold exposure with regard to maximal oxygen uptake.Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med1996. 461:101\u2013110."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Jacobs2","series-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med","first-page":"715","article-title":"Effects of endurance fitness on responses to cold water immersion.","volume":"55","author":"Jacobs, I.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jacobs, I., T.Romet, J.Frim, and A.Hynes. Effects of endurance fitness on responses to cold water immersion.Aviat Space Environ Med1984. 558:715\u2013720."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Bittel1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1984","article-title":"Physical fitness and thermoregulatory reactions in a cold environment in men.","volume":"65","author":"Bittel, J. H. M.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bittel, J. H. M., C.Nonotte-Varly, G. H.Livecchi-Gonnot, G. L. M. J.Savourey, and A. M.Hanniquet. Physical fitness and thermoregulatory reactions in a cold environment in men.J Appl Physiol1988. 655:1984\u20131989."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-McArdle1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Thermal adjustment to cold-water exposure in resting men and women.","volume":"56","author":"McArdle, W. D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"McArdle, W. D., J. R.Magel, T. J.Gergley, R. J.Spina, and M. M.Toner. Thermal adjustment to cold-water exposure in resting men and women.J Appl Physiol1984. 566:1565\u20131571."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-McArdle2","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1572","article-title":"Thermal adjustment to cold-water exposure in exercising men and women.","volume":"56","author":"McArdle, W. D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"McArdle, W. D., J. R.Magel, R. J.Spina, T. J.Gergley, and M. M.Toner. Thermal adjustment to cold-water exposure in exercising men and women.J Appl Physiol1984. 566:1572\u20131577."},{"issue":"5 suppl","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Graham1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"S185","article-title":"Thermal, metabolic and cardiovascular changes in men and women during cold stress.","volume":"20","author":"Graham, T. E.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Graham, T. E.\n          \n          Thermal, metabolic and cardiovascular changes in men and women during cold stress.\n          Med Sci Sports Exerc\n          1998. 205 suppl:S185\u2013S192."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Holmer2","series-title":"Int J Indust Ergon","first-page":"159","article-title":"Assessment of cold stress in terms of required clothing insulation-IREQ.","volume":"3","author":"Holmer, I.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Holmer, I.\n          \n          Assessment of cold stress in terms of required clothing insulation-IREQ.\n          Int J Indust Ergon\n          1988. 32:159\u2013166."},{"key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-International1","series-title":"Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment: Estimation of the Thermal Insulation and Evaporative Resistance of A Clothing Ensemble","year":"1993","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization\n          \n          Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment: Estimation of the Thermal Insulation and Evaporative Resistance of A Clothing Ensemble. ISO 9920.Geneva, SwitzerlandInternational Organization for Standardization. 1993."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Froese1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"235","article-title":"Heat losses from the human head.","volume":"10","author":"Froese, G.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Froese, G. and A. C.Burton. Heat losses from the human head.J Appl Physiol1957. 102:235\u2013241."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Langdeau1","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"601","article-title":"Prevalence and mechanisms of development of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness in athletes.","volume":"31","author":"Langdeau, J. B.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Langdeau, J. B. and L. P.Boulet. Prevalence and mechanisms of development of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness in athletes.Sports Med2001. 318:601\u2013616."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Storms1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"1464","article-title":"Review of exercise-induced asthma.","volume":"35","author":"Storms, W. W.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Storms, W. W.\n          \n          Review of exercise-induced asthma.\n          Med Sci Sports Exerc\n          2003. 359:1464\u20131470."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Helenius1","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"125","article-title":"Occurrence of exercise induced bronchospasm in elite runners: dependence on atopy and exposure to cold air and pollen.","volume":"32","author":"Helenius, I. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Helenius, I. J., H. O.Tikkanen, and T.Haahtela. Occurrence of exercise induced bronchospasm in elite runners: dependence on atopy and exposure to cold air and pollen.Br J Sports Med1998. 322:125\u2013129."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Zeitoun1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"767","article-title":"Facial cooling enhances exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children.","volume":"36","author":"Zeitoun, M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zeitoun, M., B.Wilk, A.Matsuzaka, B. H.Knopfli, B. A.Wilson, and O.Bar-Or. Facial cooling enhances exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children.Med Sci Sports Exerc2004. 365:767\u2013771."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Wilber1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"732","article-title":"Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic winter sport athletes.","volume":"32","author":"Wilber, R. L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wilber, R. L., K. W.Rundell, L.Szmedra, D. M.Jenkinson, J.Im, and S. D.Drake. Incidence of exercise-induced bronchospasm in Olympic winter sport athletes.Med Sci Sports Exerc2000. 324:732\u2013737."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Evans1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"544","article-title":"Cold air inhalation does not affect the severity of EIB after exercise or eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation.","volume":"37","author":"Evans, T. M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Evans, T. M., K. W.Rundell, K. C.Beck, A. M.Levine, and J. M.Baumann. Cold air inhalation does not affect the severity of EIB after exercise or eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation.Med Sci Sports Exerc2005. 374:544\u2013549."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Davies1","series-title":"J Physiol (Lond)","first-page":"8P","article-title":"Temperature regulation in anorexia nervosa [proceedings].","volume":"268","author":"Davies, C. T. M.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Davies, C. T. M., L.Fohlin, and C.Thoren. Temperature regulation in anorexia nervosa [proceedings].J Physiol (Lond)1977. 2681:8P\u20139P."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Luck1","series-title":"Clin Sci (Colch)","first-page":"559","article-title":"Increased cutaneous vasoreactivity to cold in anorexia nervosa.","volume":"61","author":"Luck, P.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Luck, P. and A.Wakeling. Increased cutaneous vasoreactivity to cold in anorexia nervosa.Clin Sci (Colch)1981. 615:559\u2013567."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Beard1","series-title":"Am J Clin Nutr","first-page":"813","article-title":"Impaired thermoregulation and thyroid function in iron-deficiency anemia.","volume":"52","author":"Beard, J. L.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Beard, J. L., M. J.Borel, and J.Derr. 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Effects of a reduction in environmental temperature on the circulatory response to exercise in man: implications concerning angina pectoris.New Engl J Med1969. 2801:7\u201311."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Neill1","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"471","article-title":"Response of coronary circulation to cutaneous cold.","volume":"56","author":"Neill, W. A.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Neill, W. A., D. A.Duncan, F.Kloster, and D. J.Mahler. Response of coronary circulation to cutaneous cold.Am J Med1974. 564:471\u2013476."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Ducharme1","series-title":"J Appl Physiol Nutr Metab","first-page":"799","article-title":"Self-rescue swimming in cold water: the latest advice.","volume":"32","author":"Ducharme, M. B.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ducharme, M. B. and D. S.Lounsbury. 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Cooling rates of young people swimming in cold water.J Appl Physiol1973. 353:371\u2013375."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Smolander2","series-title":"J Appl Physiol","first-page":"1589","article-title":"Thermoregulation during rest and exercise in the cold in pre- and early pubescent boys and young men.","volume":"72","author":"Smolander, J.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smolander, J., O.Bar-Or, O.Korhonen, and J.Ilmarinen. Thermoregulation during rest and exercise in the cold in pre- and early pubescent boys and young men.J Appl Physiol1992. 724:1589\u20131594."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-ThompsonTorgerson1","series-title":"Exerc Sports Science Rev","first-page":"122","article-title":"Altered mechanisms of thermoregulatory vasoconstriction in aged human skin.","volume":"36","author":"Thompson-Torgerson, C. S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thompson-Torgerson, C. S., S. A.Holowatz, and W. L.Kenney. 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Age effects on thermal, metabolic, and perceptual responses to acute cold exposure.Aviat Space Environ Med2003. 7411:1157\u20131162."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Ferrara1","series-title":"Athl Ther Today","first-page":"28","article-title":"Epidemiology of sport related injuries for athletes with disability.","volume":"2","author":"Ferrara, M. S.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ferrara, M. S., W. E.Buckley, and C. L.Peterson. Epidemiology of sport related injuries for athletes with disability.Athl Ther Today1997. 21:28\u201333."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Colachis1","series-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"232","article-title":"Hypothermia associated with autonomic dysreflexia after traumatic spinal cord injury.","volume":"81","author":"Colachis\n              III, S. C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Colachis\n              III, S. C.\n          . 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The effect of different physiological stimuli on skin vasomotor reflexes above and below the lesion in human chronic spinal cord injury.Neurorehabil Neural Repair2005. 194:325\u2013331."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-43-6-640-Mizushima1","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"112","article-title":"Cardiovascular and endocrine responses during the cold pressor test in subjects with cervical spinal cold injuries.","volume":"84","author":"Mizushima, T.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mizushima, T., F.Tajima, H.Okawa, Y.Umezu, K.Furusawa, and H.Ogata. 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Sensory perception in complete spinal cord injury.Acta Neurol Scand2004. 1093:194\u2013199."}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/43\/6\/article-p640.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/43\/6\/640\/1454631\/1062-6050-43_6_640.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/43\/6\/article-p640.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/43\/6\/article-p640.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T20:36:11Z","timestamp":1749674171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/43\/6\/article-p640.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-43.6.640","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}}}