{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:59:56Z","timestamp":1770339596450,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The shoulder is one of the most commonly injured body sites among athletes. Little previous research describes shoulder injury patterns in high school athletes.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To describe and compare shoulder injury rates and patterns among high school athletes in 9 sports (football, soccer, basketball, baseball, and wrestling for boys and soccer, volleyball, basketball, and softball for girls).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Prospective injury surveillance study.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Injury data were collected from 100 nationally representative US high schools via High School Reporting Information Online.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Athletes from participating high schools injured while involved in a school-sanctioned practice or competition in 1 of the above sports during the 2005\u20132006 and 2006\u20132007 school years.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Shoulder injury rates, diagnoses, severity, and mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>During the 2005\u20132006 and 2006\u20132007 school years, athletes in this study sustained 805 shoulder injuries during 3\u200a550\u200a141 athlete-exposures (AEs), for an injury rate of 2.27 shoulder injuries per 10\u200a000 AEs. This corresponds to an estimated 232\u200a258 shoulder injuries occurring nationwide during this time. Shoulder injuries were more likely to occur during competition than practice (rate ratio \u200a=\u200a 3.01, 95% confidence interval \u200a=\u200a 2.62, 3.46). Shoulder injury rates per 10\u200a000 AEs were highest in football (5.09), wrestling (4.34), and baseball (1.90). Common shoulder injury diagnoses included sprains\/strains (39.6%), dislocations\/separations (23.7%), contusions (11.5%), and fractures (6.6%). Although 44.8% of athletes sustaining a shoulder injury returned to play in less than 1 week, 22.9% were out of play for more than 3 weeks, and 6.2% of shoulder injuries required surgery. Common mechanisms of shoulder injury included player-to-player contact (57.6%) and contact with the playing surface (22.8%).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>High school shoulder injury rates and patterns varied by sport. Continued surveillance is warranted to understand trends and patterns over time and to develop and evaluate evidence-based preventive interventions.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.1.76","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,30]],"date-time":"2009-12-30T15:36:45Z","timestamp":1262187405000},"page":"76-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Shoulder Injuries Among United States High School Athletes During the 2005\u20132006 and 2006\u20132007 School Years"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"John E.","family":"Bonza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Fields","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Yard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Dawn Comstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"},{"name":"The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-National1","article-title":"2006\u201307 high school athletics participation survey.","unstructured":"National Federation of State High School Associations\n          \n          2006\u201307 high school athletics participation survey.\n          \n            http:\/\/nfhs.org\/core\/contentmanager\/uploads\/2006-07_Participation_Survey.pdf. Accessed October 12, 2007."},{"key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-National2","article-title":"The case for high school activities.","unstructured":"National Federation of State High School Associations\n          \n          The case for high school activities.\n          \n            http:\/\/www.nfhs.org\/web\/2004\/01\/the_case_for_high_school_activities.aspx. Accessed February 6, 2007."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Powell1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"277","article-title":"Injury patterns in selected high school sports: a review of the 1995\u20131997 seasons.","volume":"34","author":"Powell, J. W.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Powell, J. W. and K. D.Barber-Foss. Injury patterns in selected high school sports: a review of the 1995\u20131997 seasons.J Athl Train1999. 34 (3):277\u2013284."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Kaplan1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1142","article-title":"Prevalence and variance of shoulder injuries in elite collegiate football players.","volume":"33","author":"Kaplan, L. D.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaplan, L. D., D. C.Flanigan, J.Norwig, P.Jost, and J.Bradley. Prevalence and variance of shoulder injuries in elite collegiate football players.Am J Sports Med2005. 33 (8):1142\u20131146."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Owens1","series-title":"Op Tech Sports Med","first-page":"253","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of shoulder injuries in sports.","volume":"8","author":"Owens, S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Owens, S. and J. M.Itamura. Differential diagnosis of shoulder injuries in sports.Op Tech Sports Med2000. 8 (4):253\u2013257."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Chen1","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"172","article-title":"Shoulder and elbow injuries in the skeletally immature athlete.","volume":"13","author":"Chen, F. S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen, F. S., V. A.Diaz, M.Loebenberg, and J. E.Rosen. Shoulder and elbow injuries in the skeletally immature athlete.J Am Acad Orthop Surg2005. 13 (3):172\u2013185."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Dahm1","series-title":"Op Tech Sports Med","first-page":"5","article-title":"Shoulder instability in the female athlete.","volume":"10","author":"Dahm, D. L.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dahm, D. L. and C. M.Lajam. Shoulder instability in the female athlete.Op Tech Sports Med2002. 10 (1):5\u20139."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Nakagawa1","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Throwing shoulder injury involving the anterior rotator cuff: concealed tears not as uncommon as previously thought.","volume":"22","author":"Nakagawa, S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nakagawa, S., M.Yoneda, N.Mizuno, K.Hayashida, T.Mac, and Y.Take. Throwing shoulder injury involving the anterior rotator cuff: concealed tears not as uncommon as previously thought.Arthroscopy2006. 22 (12):1298\u20131303."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-OlsenSJ1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"905","article-title":"Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers.","volume":"34","author":"Olsen SJ, I. I.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Olsen SJ, I. I., G. S.Fleisig, S.Dun, J.Loftice, and J. R.Andrews. Risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in adolescent baseball pitchers.Am J Sports Med2006. 34 (6):905\u2013912."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Sciascia1","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"471","article-title":"The pediatric overhead athlete: what is the real problem?","volume":"16","author":"Sciascia, A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sciascia, A. and W. B.Kibler. The pediatric overhead athlete: what is the real problem?Clin J Sport Med2006. 16 (6):471\u2013477."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Weldon1","series-title":"Clin Sports Med","first-page":"423","article-title":"Upper extremity overuse injuries in swimming: a discussion of swimmer's shoulder.","volume":"20","author":"Weldon\n              III, E. J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Weldon\n              III, E. J. and A. B.Richardson. 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Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's baseball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004.J Athl Train2007. 42 (2):183\u2013193."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Marshall1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"286","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's softball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004.","volume":"42","author":"Marshall, S. W.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marshall, S. W., K. L.Hamstra-Wright, R.Dick, K. A.Grove, and J.Agel. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's softball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004.J Athl Train2007. 42 (2):286\u2013294."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Baker1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"256","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the athlete's shoulder.","volume":"35","author":"Baker, C. L.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baker, C. L. and M. S.Merkley. Clinical evaluation of the athlete's shoulder.J Athl Train2000. 35 (3):256\u2013260."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Terry1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"248","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the shoulder.","volume":"35","author":"Terry, G. C.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Terry, G. C. and T. M.Chopp. Functional anatomy of the shoulder.J Athl Train2000. 35 (3):248\u2013255."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Werner1","series-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg","first-page":"37","article-title":"Relationships between throwing mechanics and shoulder distraction in collegiate baseball pitchers.","volume":"16","author":"Werner, S. L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Werner, S. L., J. A.GuidoJr, G. W.Stewart, R. P.McNeice, T.Van Dyke, and D. G.Jones. Relationships between throwing mechanics and shoulder distraction in collegiate baseball pitchers.J Shoulder Elbow Surg2007. 16 (1):37\u201342."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Werner2","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"597","article-title":"Kinematics and kinetics of elite windmill softball pitching.","volume":"34","author":"Werner, S. L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Werner, S. L., D. G.Jones, J. A.GuidoJr, and M. E.Brunet. Kinematics and kinetics of elite windmill softball pitching.Am J Sports Med2006. 34 (4):597\u2013603."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Boden1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Catastrophic injuries in high school and college baseball players.","volume":"32","author":"Boden, B. P.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boden, B. P., R.Tacchetti, and F. O.Mueller. Catastrophic injuries in high school and college baseball players.Am J Sports Med2004. 32 (5):1189\u20131196."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Emery1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1960","article-title":"Injury rates, risk factors, and mechanisms of injury in minor hockey.","volume":"34","author":"Emery, C. A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Emery, C. A. and W. H.Meeuwisse. 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Rotator cuff injury in contact athletes.Am J Sports Med1996. 24 (3):263\u2013267."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Moosikasuwan1","series-title":"Clin Sports Med","article-title":"Imaging of the painful shoulder in throwing athletes.","volume":"25","author":"Moosikasuwan, J. B.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moosikasuwan, J. B., T. T.Miller, and D. M.Dines. Imaging of the painful shoulder in throwing athletes.Clin Sports Med2006. 25 (3):vi, 433-443"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Buss1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1430","article-title":"Nonoperative management for in-season athletes with anterior shoulder instability.","volume":"32","author":"Buss, D. D.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buss, D. D., G. P.Lynch, C. P.Meyer, S. M.Huber, and M. Q.Freehill. Nonoperative management for in-season athletes with anterior shoulder instability.Am J Sports Med2004. 32 (6):1430\u20131433."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Cho1","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"947","article-title":"Arthroscopic stabilization in anterior shoulder instability: collision athletes versus noncollision athletes.","volume":"22","author":"Cho, N. S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cho, N. S., J. C.Hwang, and Y. G.Rhee. Arthroscopic stabilization in anterior shoulder instability: collision athletes versus noncollision athletes.Arthroscopy2006. 22 (9):947\u2013953."},{"issue":"38","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Centers1","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Sports-related injuries among high school athletes\u2014United States, 2005\u201306 school year.","volume":"55","year":"2006","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\n          \n          Sports-related injuries among high school athletes\u2014United States, 2005\u201306 school year.\n          MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep\n          2006. 55 (38):1037\u20131040."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Gessel1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"495","article-title":"Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes.","volume":"42","author":"Gessel, L. M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gessel, L. M., S. K.Fields, C. L.Collins, R. W.Dick, and R. D.Comstock. 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Arthroscopic management of traumatic anterior shoulder instability in collision athletes: analysis of 204 cases with a 4- to 9-year follow-up and results with the suture anchor technique.Arthroscopy2006. 22 (12):1283\u20131289."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Agel1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"303","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's wrestling injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004.","volume":"42","author":"Agel, J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Agel, J., J.Ransone, R.Dick, R.Oppliger, and S. W.Marshall. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's wrestling injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004.J Athl Train2007. 42 (2):303\u2013310."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Hill1","series-title":"J Strength Cond Res","first-page":"426","article-title":"Female collegiate windmill pitchers: influences to injury incidence.","volume":"18","author":"Hill, J. L.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hill, J. L., B.Humphries, T.Weidner, and R. U.Newton. Female collegiate windmill pitchers: influences to injury incidence.J Strength Cond Res2004. 18 (3):426\u2013431."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Dick2","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"221","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's football injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004.","volume":"42","author":"Dick, R.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dick, R., M. S.Ferrara, J.Agel, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's football injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004.J Athl Train2007. 42 (2):221\u2013233."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Rechel1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"197","article-title":"An epidemiologic comparison of high school sports injuries sustained in practice and competition.","volume":"43","author":"Rechel, J. A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rechel, J. A., E. E.Yard, and R. D.Comstock. An epidemiologic comparison of high school sports injuries sustained in practice and competition.J Athl Train2008. 43 (2):197\u2013204."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-44-1-76-Agel2","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"295","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's volleyball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004.","volume":"42","author":"Agel, J.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Agel, J., R. M.Palmieri-Smith, R.Dick, E. M.Wojtys, and S. W.Marshall. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's volleyball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004.J Athl Train2007. 42 (2):295\u2013302."}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/44\/1\/article-p76.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/44\/1\/76\/1454488\/1062-6050-44_1_76.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/44\/1\/article-p76.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/44\/1\/article-p76.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:37:43Z","timestamp":1749688663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/44\/1\/article-p76.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-44.1.76","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]}}}