{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:41:01Z","timestamp":1790120461277,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common knee condition in athletes. Recently, researchers have indicated that factors proximal to the knee, including hip muscle weakness and motor control impairment, contribute to the development of PFPS. However, no investigators have evaluated eccentric hip muscle function in people with PFPS.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To compare the eccentric hip muscle function between females with PFPS and a female control group.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Musculoskeletal laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Two groups of females were studied: a group with PFPS (n \u200a=\u200a 10) and a group with no history of lower extremity injury or surgery (n \u200a=\u200a 10).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Eccentric torque of the hip musculature was evaluated on an isokinetic dynamometer.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Eccentric hip abduction, adduction, and external and internal rotation peak torque were measured and expressed as a percentage of body mass (Nm\/kg \u00d7 100). We also evaluated eccentric hip adduction to abduction and internal to external rotation torque ratios. The peak torque value of 5 maximal eccentric contractions was used for calculation. Two-tailed, independent-samples <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests were used to compare torque results between groups.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Participants with PFPS exhibited much lower eccentric hip abduction (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a \u22122.917, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .008) and adduction (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a \u22122.764, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .009) peak torque values than did their healthy counterparts. No differences in eccentric hip external (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a 0.45, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .96) or internal (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a \u22120.742, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .47) rotation peak torque values were detected between the groups. The eccentric hip adduction to abduction torque ratio was much higher in the PFPS group than in the control group (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a 2.113, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .04), but we found no difference in the eccentric hip internal to external rotation torque ratios between the 2 groups (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a \u22120.932, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .36).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Participants with PFPS demonstrated lower eccentric hip abduction and adduction peak torque and higher eccentric adduction to abduction torque ratios when compared with control participants. Thus, clinicians should consider eccentric hip abduction strengthening exercises when developing rehabilitation programs for females with PFPS.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.5.490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,30]],"date-time":"2009-12-30T15:36:45Z","timestamp":1262187405000},"page":"490-496","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Eccentric Hip Muscle Function in Females With and Without Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"de Marche Baldon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Federal University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa Helissa","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Federal University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago Batista","family":"Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Federal University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar Ferreira","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMG System, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Dias","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio Viadanna","family":"Serr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Carlos Federal University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Taunton1","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"95","article-title":"A retrospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries.","volume":"36","author":"Taunton, J. E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Taunton, J. E., M. B.Ryan, D. B.Clement, D. C.McKenzie, D. R.Lloyd-Smith, and B. D.Zumbo. A retrospective case-control analysis of 2002 running injuries.Br J Sports Med2002. 362:95\u2013101."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Tumia1","series-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev","first-page":"69","article-title":"Patellofemoral pain in female athletes.","volume":"10","author":"Tumia, N.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tumia, N. and N.Maffulli. Patellofemoral pain in female athletes.Sports Med Arthrosc Rev2002. 1010:69\u201375."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Fulkerson1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"447","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain.","volume":"30","author":"Fulkerson, J. P.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fulkerson, J. 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Physical therapy alters recruitment of the vasti in patellofemoral pain syndrome.Med Sci Sports Exerc2002. 3412:1879\u20131885."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Witvrouw1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"480","article-title":"Intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in an athletic population: a two-year prospective study.","volume":"28","author":"Witvrouw, E.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Witvrouw, E., R.Lysens, J.Bellemans, D.Cambier, and G.Vanderstraeten. Intrinsic risk factors for the development of anterior knee pain in an athletic population: a two-year prospective study.Am J Sports Med2000. 284:480\u2013489."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Piva1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"793","article-title":"Strength around the hip and flexibility of soft tissues in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome.","volume":"35","author":"Piva, S. R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Piva, S. R., E. A.Goodnite, and J. D.Childs. Strength around the hip and flexibility of soft tissues in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2005. 3512:793\u2013801."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Tyler1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"630","article-title":"The role of hip muscle function in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome.","volume":"34","author":"Tyler, T. F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tyler, T. F., S. J.Nicholas, M. J.Mullaney, and M. P.McHugh. The role of hip muscle function in the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome.Am J Sports Med2006. 344:630\u2013636."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Mizuno1","series-title":"J Orthop Res","first-page":"834","article-title":"Q-angle influences tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics.","volume":"19","author":"Mizuno, Y.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mizuno, Y., M.Kumagai, S. M.Mattessich, et al. Q-angle influences tibiofemoral and patellofemoral kinematics.J Orthop Res2001. 195:834\u2013840."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Huberti1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"715","article-title":"Patellofemoral contact pressures: the influence of Q-angle and tendofemoral contact.","volume":"66","author":"Huberti, H. H.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Huberti, H. H. and W. C.Hayes. Patellofemoral contact pressures: the influence of Q-angle and tendofemoral contact.J Bone Joint Surg Am1984. 665:715\u2013724."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Powers1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"639","article-title":"The influence of altered lower-extremity kinematics on patellofemoral joint dysfunction: a theoretical perspective.","volume":"33","author":"Powers, C. M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Powers, C. M.\n          \n          The influence of altered lower-extremity kinematics on patellofemoral joint dysfunction: a theoretical perspective.\n          J Orthop Sports Phys Ther\n          2003. 3311:639\u2013646."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Lee1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"686","article-title":"The influence of tibial and femoral rotation on patellofemoral contact area and pressure.","volume":"33","author":"Lee, T. Q.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee, T. Q., G. M.Morris, and R. P.Csintalan. The influence of tibial and femoral rotation on patellofemoral contact area and pressure.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2003. 3311:686\u2013693."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Powers2","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"677","article-title":"Patellofemoral kinematics during weight-bearing and non\u2013weight-bearing knee extension in persons with lateral subluxation of the patella: a preliminary study.","volume":"33","author":"Powers, C. M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Powers, C. M., S. R.Ward, M.Fredericson, M.Guillet, and F. G.Shellock. Patellofemoral kinematics during weight-bearing and non\u2013weight-bearing knee extension in persons with lateral subluxation of the patella: a preliminary study.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2003. 3311:677\u2013685."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Wilson1","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)","first-page":"203","article-title":"Lower extremity mechanics of females with and without patellofemoral pain across activities with progressively greater task demands.","volume":"23","author":"Wilson, J. D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wilson, J. D. and I. S.Davis. Lower extremity mechanics of females with and without patellofemoral pain across activities with progressively greater task demands.Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)2008. 232:203\u2013211."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Mascal1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"647","article-title":"Management of patellofemoral pain targeting hip, pelvis, and trunk muscle function: 2 case reports.","volume":"33","author":"Mascal, C. L.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mascal, C. L., R.Landel, and C.Powers. Management of patellofemoral pain targeting hip, pelvis, and trunk muscle function: 2 case reports.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2003. 3311:647\u2013660."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Powers3","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","first-page":"634","article-title":"Comparison of foot pronation and lower extremity rotation in persons with and without patellofemoral pain.","volume":"23","author":"Powers, C. M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Powers, C. M., P. Y.Chen, S. F.Reischl, and J.Perry. Comparison of foot pronation and lower extremity rotation in persons with and without patellofemoral pain.Foot Ankle Int2002. 237:634\u2013640."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Ireland1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"671","article-title":"Hip strength in females with and without patellofemoral pain.","volume":"33","author":"Ireland, M. L.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ireland, M. L., J. D.Willson, B. T.Ballantine, and I. M.Davis. Hip strength in females with and without patellofemoral pain.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2003. 3311:671\u2013676."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Robinson1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"232","article-title":"Analysis of hip strength in females seeking physical therapy treatment for unilateral patellofemoral pain syndrome.","volume":"37","author":"Robinson, R. L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Robinson, R. L. and R. J.Nee. Analysis of hip strength in females seeking physical therapy treatment for unilateral patellofemoral pain syndrome.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2007. 375:232\u2013238."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Cichanowski1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Hip strength in collegiate female athletes with patellofemoral pain.","volume":"39","author":"Cichanowski, H. R.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cichanowski, H. R., J. S.Schmitt, R. J.Johnson, and P. E.Niemuth. Hip strength in collegiate female athletes with patellofemoral pain.Med Sci Sports Exerc2007. 398:1227\u20131232."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Ferber1","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)","first-page":"350","article-title":"Gender differences in lower extremity mechanics during running.","volume":"18","author":"Ferber, R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ferber, R., I. M.Davis, and D. S.WilliamsIII. Gender differences in lower extremity mechanics during running.Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)2003. 184:350\u2013357."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Crossley1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"857","article-title":"Physical therapy for patellofemoral pain: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"30","author":"Crossley, K.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Crossley, K., K.Bennell, S.Green, S.Cowan, and J.McConnell. Physical therapy for patellofemoral pain: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.Am J Sports Med2002. 306:857\u2013865."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Crossley2","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"815","article-title":"Analysis of outcome measures for persons with patellofemoral pain: which are reliable and valid?","volume":"85","author":"Crossley, K. M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Crossley, K. M., K. L.Bennell, S. M.Cowan, and S.Green. Analysis of outcome measures for persons with patellofemoral pain: which are reliable and valid?Arch Phys Med Rehabil2004. 855:815\u2013822."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Kujala1","series-title":"Arthroscopy","first-page":"159","article-title":"Scoring of patellofemoral disorders.","volume":"9","author":"Kujala, U. M.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kujala, U. M., L. H.Jaakkola, S. K.Koskinen, S.Taimela, M.Hurme, and O.Nelimarkka. Scoring of patellofemoral disorders.Arthroscopy1993. 92:159\u2013163."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Burnett1","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"244","article-title":"Reliability of isokinetic measurements of hip muscle torque in young boys.","volume":"70","author":"Burnett, C. N.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Burnett, C. N., E. F.Betts, and W. M.King. Reliability of isokinetic measurements of hip muscle torque in young boys.Phys Ther1990. 704:244\u2013249."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Lindsay1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"43","article-title":"Comparison of isokinetic internal and external rotation torque using different testing position.","volume":"16","author":"Lindsay, D. M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lindsay, D. M., M. E.Maitland, R. C.Lowe, and T. J.Kane. Comparison of isokinetic internal and external rotation torque using different testing position.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1992. 161:43\u201350."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Donatelli1","series-title":"Isokinet Exerc Sci","first-page":"103","article-title":"Isokinetic hip abductor to adductor torque ratio in normals.","volume":"1","author":"Donatelli, R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Donatelli, R., P. A.Catlin, G. S.Backer, D. L.Drane, and S. M.Slater. Isokinetic hip abductor to adductor torque ratio in normals.Isokinet Exerc Sci1991. 12:103\u2013111."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Claiborne1","series-title":"J Appl Biomech","first-page":"41","article-title":"Relationship between hip and knee strength and knee valgus during single leg squat.","volume":"22","author":"Claiborne, T. L.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Claiborne, T. L., C. W.Armstrong, V.Gandhi, and D. M.Pincivero. Relationship between hip and knee strength and knee valgus during single leg squat.J Appl Biomech2006. 221:41\u201350."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Leetun1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"926","article-title":"Core stability measures as risk factors for lower extremity injury in athletes.","volume":"36","author":"Leetun, D. T.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leetun, D. T., M. L.Ireland, J. D.Willson, B. T.Ballantyne, and I. M.Davis. Core stability measures as risk factors for lower extremity injury in athletes.Med Sci Sports Exerc2004. 366:926\u2013934."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Dierks1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"448","article-title":"Proximal and distal influences on hip and knee kinematics in runners with patellofemoral pain during a prolonged run.","volume":"38","author":"Dierks, T. A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dierks, T. A., K. T.Manal, J.Hamill, and I. S.Davis. Proximal and distal influences on hip and knee kinematics in runners with patellofemoral pain during a prolonged run.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2008. 388:448\u2013456."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Bolgla1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"12","article-title":"Hip strength and hip and knee kinematics during stair descent in females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome.","volume":"38","author":"Bolgla, L. A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bolgla, L. A., T. R.Malone, B. R.Umberger, and T. L.Uhl. Hip strength and hip and knee kinematics during stair descent in females with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2008. 381:12\u201318."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Lawrence1","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)","first-page":"806","article-title":"Influences of hip external rotation strength on knee mechanics during single-leg drop landings in females.","volume":"23","author":"Lawrence\n              III, R. K.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lawrence\n              III, R. K., T. W.Kernozek, E. J.Miller, M. R.Torry, and P.Reuteman. Influences of hip external rotation strength on knee mechanics during single-leg drop landings in females.Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)2008. 236:806\u2013813."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-44-5-490-Mizner1","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"353","article-title":"Muscle strength in the lower extremity does not predict postinstruction improvements in the landing patterns of female athletes.","volume":"38","author":"Mizner, R. L.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mizner, R. L., J. K.Kawaguchi, and T. L.Chmielewski. Muscle strength in the lower extremity does not predict postinstruction improvements in the landing patterns of female athletes.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2008. 386:353\u2013361."}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/44\/5\/article-p490.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/44\/5\/490\/1455483\/1062-6050-44_5_490.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/44\/5\/article-p490.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/44\/5\/article-p490.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:35:55Z","timestamp":1749688555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/44\/5\/article-p490.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-44.5.490","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]}}}