{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T09:01:23Z","timestamp":1791104483621,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Conditions such as labral and rotator cuff injuries have been linked with decreases in glenohumeral internal-rotation and increases in external-rotation motion. Also, decreased glenohumeral internal rotation is strongly associated with scapular dyskinesis.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To compare healthy collegiate and high school baseball players' glenohumeral joint range of motion and scapular position.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Institutional research laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Thirty-one male National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate (age \u200a=\u200a 20.23 \u00b1 1.17 years, height \u200a=\u200a 186.24 \u00b1 5.73 cm, mass \u200a=\u200a 92.01 \u00b1 7.68 kg) and 21 male high school baseball players (age \u200a=\u200a 16.57 \u00b1 0.76 years, height \u200a=\u200a 180.58 \u00b1 6.01 cm, mass \u200a=\u200a 79.09 \u00b1 11.51 kg).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Glenohumeral internal and external rotation and scapular upward rotation were measured with a digital inclinometer. Scapular protraction was measured with a vernier caliper. All variables except scapular upward rotation were calculated as the difference between the dominant and nondominant sides.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Collegiate baseball players had more glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit (4.80\u00b0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .028) and total motion deficit (5.73\u00b0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .009) and less glenohumeral external-rotation gain (3.00\u00b0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .028) than high school players. Collegiate baseball players had less scapular upward rotation than high school players at the 90\u00b0 (4.12\u00b0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .015, versus 3.00\u00b0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .025) and 120\u00b0 (4.00\u00b0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .007, versus 3.40\u00b0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .005) positions. The scapular protraction difference was greater in collegiate baseball players than in high school players in the hands-on-hips and 90\u00b0 positions (0.77 cm, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .021, and 1.4 cm, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .001).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>When comparing high school with collegiate baseball players, these data suggest that glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit and scapular position change as the level of competition increases.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.1.44","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,11]],"date-time":"2010-01-11T20:03:33Z","timestamp":1263240213000},"page":"44-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Internal Rotation and Scapular Position Differences: A Comparison of Collegiate and High School Baseball Players"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, DE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Swanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neumann College, Aston, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles B.","family":"Swanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark, DE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-45-1-44-Brown1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"577","article-title":"Upper extremity range of motion and isokinetic strength of the internal and external shoulder rotators in major league baseball players.","volume":"16","author":"Brown, L. 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