{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:07:01Z","timestamp":1761512821749,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The protective equipment worn during American football has been shown to increase thermal strain; however, the perception of this increased heat has not been examined.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To evaluate perceptual responses of American football players while wearing different uniforms during exercise in the heat and to evaluate how these responses may be used to monitor athlete safety.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Human Performance Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Ten men with more than 3\u00a0years of competitive experience as football linemen (age \u200a=\u200a 23.8 \u00b1 1.3\u00a0years, height \u200a=\u200a 183.9 \u00b1 1.8\u00a0cm, mass \u200a=\u200a 117.4 \u00b1 3.5\u00a0kg, body fat \u200a=\u200a 30.1% \u00b1 1.7%) participated.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>On 3 occasions in hot, humid (33\u00b0C, 48%\u201349% relative humidity) environmental conditions, participants completed 10\u00a0minutes of strenuous repetitive box lifting (RBL), 10\u00a0minutes of seated rest, and up to 60\u00a0minutes of treadmill walking. At each trial, they wore a different uniform condition: control (CON) clothing comprising shorts, socks, and sneakers; partial (PART) National Football League (NFL) uniform comprising the uniform without helmet or shoulder pads; or full (FULL) NFL uniform. Exercise, meals, and hydration status were controlled.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Rectal temperature (T<jats:sub>re<\/jats:sub>), skin temperature (T<jats:sub>sk<\/jats:sub>), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal perception (THM), perception of thirst (TST), and perception of muscle pain (MPN) were obtained for time points matched across trials.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Nineteen of the 30 trials ended before 60\u00a0minutes of treadmill walking as a result of participant exhaustion. Mean treadmill time was longer for the CON condition (51.7 \u00b1 13.4\u00a0minutes) than for the PART (43.1 \u00b1 15.6\u00a0minutes; <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a 3.092, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .01) or the FULL (36.2 \u00b1 13.2\u00a0minutes; <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a 4.393, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .002) conditions. Neck and forearm T<jats:sub>sk<\/jats:sub> increased between the initial time point and the end of exercise in the PART (33.6 \u00b1 0.9\u00b0C and 35.0 \u00b1 0.6\u00b0C, respectively; <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2,18<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a 9.034, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001) and the FULL (33.4 \u00b1 0.9\u00b0C and 35.2 \u00b1 0.6\u00b0C, respectively; <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2,18<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a 21.011, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .002) conditions. Rate of T<jats:sub>re<\/jats:sub> rise was greater in the FULL (0.042 \u00b1 0.010\u00b0C\/min) than in the PART (0.034 \u00b1 0.006\u00b0C\/min) condition (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2,27<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a 10.69, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .04). We found a relationship at the post-RBL and final time points between RPE and THM (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a 0.75, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001 and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a 0.59, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001, respectively), RPE and TST (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a 0.76, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001 and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a 0.61, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001, respectively), and RPE and MPN (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a 0.63, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001 and <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a 0.64, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001, respectively). The RPE was greater at the end of exercise in the PART (17 \u00b1 2) and FULL (18 \u00b1 1) conditions than in the CON (15 \u00b1 3) condition (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2,18<\/jats:sub> \u200a=\u200a 7.403, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> \u200a=\u200a .005).<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Although no differences in perceptual scales existed between the PART and FULL conditions, the T<jats:sub>sk<\/jats:sub> and rate of T<jats:sub>re<\/jats:sub> increase differed, indicating that football athletes find it difficult to perceptually rate exercise conditions as potentially dangerous hyperthermia develops. In addition, correlations between the perceptual scales further defined perceptual responses during exercise in the heat.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.2.107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,11]],"date-time":"2010-06-11T19:09:22Z","timestamp":1276283362000},"page":"107-116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Perceptual Responses While Wearing an American Football Uniform in the Heat"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Evan C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Ganio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elaine C.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendon P.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Casa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl M.","family":"Maresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence E.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-45-2-107-Mueller1","series-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep","first-page":"57","article-title":"Catastrophic sports injuries: who is at risk?","volume":"2","author":"Mueller, F. 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F.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Egan, G. F., J.Johnson, M.Farrell, et al. Cortical, thalamic, and hypothalamic responses to cooling and warming the skin in awake humans: a positron-emission tomography study.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2005. 10214:5262\u20135267."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-45-2-107-Tominaga1","series-title":"J Neurobiol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Thermosensation and pain.","volume":"61","author":"Tominaga, M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tominaga, M. and M. J.Caterina. 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