{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T03:14:47Z","timestamp":1793762087813,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n \n Context:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n Little is known about the relationship among sex, generalized joint hypermobility, and glenohumeral joint instability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n To examine the relationship among sex, generalized joint hypermobility scores, and a history of glenohumeral joint instability within a young, physically active cohort and to describe the incidence of generalized joint hypermobility within this population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Design:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n Cross-sectional cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Setting:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n Of the 1311 members of the entering freshman class of 2010, 1050 (80%) agreed to participate.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n Generalized joint hypermobility was assessed using the Beighton Scale. A history of glenohumeral joint instability was identified via a baseline questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Results:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Most participants (78%) had no signs of generalized joint hypermobility. Only 11 volunteers (1.5%) had Beighton Scale scores of 4 or greater. Logistic regression analysis revealed a relationship between generalized joint hypermobility and a history of glenohumeral joint instability (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u200a=\u200a .023). When sex and race were controlled, those with a total Beighton Scale score of \u22652 were nearly 2.5 times as likely (odds ratio \u200a=\u200a 2.48, 95% confidence interval \u200a=\u200a 1.19, 5.20,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u200a=\u200a .016) to have reported a history of glenohumeral joint instability. A relationship was observed between sex and nearly all individual Beighton Scale items. Although women had higher total Beighton Scale scores than men, sex (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u200a=\u200a .658) and race (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u200a=\u200a .410) were not related to a history of glenohumeral joint instability when other variables in the model were controlled.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:title>\n In these participants, generalized joint hypermobility and a history of glenohumeral joint instability were associated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.3.253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,6]],"date-time":"2010-05-06T14:53:40Z","timestamp":1273157620000},"page":"253-258","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Association of Generalized Joint Hypermobility With a History of Glenohumeral Joint Instability"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Feagin Jr Sports Medicine Fellowship, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Therapy, Keller Army Hospital, West Point, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele L.","family":"Duffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"DeBerardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Feagin Jr Sports Medicine Fellowship, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Therapy, Keller Army Hospital, West Point, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Stoneman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Feagin Jr Sports Medicine Fellowship, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Therapy, Keller Army Hospital, West Point, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett D.","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Feagin Jr Sports Medicine Fellowship, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Therapy, Keller Army Hospital, West Point, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Decoster1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"99","article-title":"Generalized joint hypermobility and its relationship to injury patterns among NCAA lacrosse players.","volume":"34","author":"Decoster, L. C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Decoster, L. C., J. N.Bernier, R. H.Lindsay, and J. C.Vailas. Generalized joint hypermobility and its relationship to injury patterns among NCAA lacrosse players.J Athl Train1999. 342:99\u2013105."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Smith1","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"628","article-title":"Hypermobility and sports injuries in junior netball players.","volume":"39","author":"Smith, R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smith, R., A. K.Damodaran, S.Swaminathan, R.Campbell, and L.Barnsley. Hypermobility and sports injuries in junior netball players.Br J Sports Med2005. 399:628\u2013631."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Beynnon1","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"376","article-title":"Predictive factors for lateral ankle sprains: a literature review.","volume":"37","author":"Beynnon, B. D.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Beynnon, B. D., D. F.Murphy, and D. M.Alosa. Predictive factors for lateral ankle sprains: a literature review.J Athl Train2002. 374:376\u2013380."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Borsa1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"1685","article-title":"Patterns of glenohumeral joint laxity and stiffness in healthy men and women.","volume":"32","author":"Borsa, P. A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Borsa, P. A., E. L.Sauers, and D. E.Herling. Patterns of glenohumeral joint laxity and stiffness in healthy men and women.Med Sci Sports Exerc2000. 3210:1685\u20131690."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Ramesh1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"800","article-title":"The risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture with generalised joint laxity.","volume":"87","author":"Ramesh, R.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ramesh, R., O.Von Arx, T.Azzopardi, and P. J.Schranz. The risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture with generalised joint laxity.J Bone Joint Surg Br2005. 876:800\u2013803."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Myer1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1073","article-title":"The effects of generalized joint laxity on risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury in young female athletes.","volume":"36","author":"Myer, G. D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Myer, G. D., K. R.Ford, M. V.Paterno, T. G.Nick, and T. E.Hewett. The effects of generalized joint laxity on risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury in young female athletes.Am J Sports Med2008. 366:1073\u20131080."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-McFarland1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"468","article-title":"Posterior shoulder laxity in asymptomatic athletes.","volume":"24","author":"McFarland, E. G.","year":"1996","unstructured":"McFarland, E. G., G.Campbell, and J.McDowell. Posterior shoulder laxity in asymptomatic athletes.Am J Sports Med1996. 244:468\u2013471."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Bigliani1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"609","article-title":"Shoulder motion and laxity in the professional baseball player.","volume":"25","author":"Bigliani, L. U.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bigliani, L. U., T. P.Codd, P. M.Connor, W. N.Levine, M. A.Littlefield, and S. J.Hershon. Shoulder motion and laxity in the professional baseball player.Am J Sports Med1997. 255:609\u2013613."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Cooper1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg","first-page":"1516","article-title":"The inferior capsular-shift procedure for multidirectional instability of the shoulder.","volume":"74","author":"Cooper, R. A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cooper, R. A. and J. J.Brems. The inferior capsular-shift procedure for multidirectional instability of the shoulder.J Bone Joint Surg1992. 7410:1516\u20131521."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Neer1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"897","article-title":"Inferior capsular shift for involuntary inferior and multidirectional instability of the shoulder: a preliminary report.","volume":"62","author":"Neer\n II, C. S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Neer\n II, C. S. and C. R.Foster. Inferior capsular shift for involuntary inferior and multidirectional instability of the shoulder: a preliminary report.J Bone Joint Surg Am1980. 626:897\u2013908."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Pollock1","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"24","article-title":"Glenohumeral instability: evaluation and treatment.","volume":"1","author":"Pollock, R. G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pollock, R. G. and L. U.Bigliani. Glenohumeral instability: evaluation and treatment.J Am Acad Orthop Surg1993. 11:24\u201332."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Warner1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"366","article-title":"Patterns of flexibility, laxity, and strength in normal shoulders and shoulders with instability and impingement.","volume":"18","author":"Warner, J. J. P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Warner, J. J. P., L. J.Micheli, L. E.Arslanian, J.Kennedy, and R.Kennedy. Patterns of flexibility, laxity, and strength in normal shoulders and shoulders with instability and impingement.Am J Sports Med1990. 184:366\u2013375."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Zemek1","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"40","article-title":"Comparison of glenohumeral laxity in elite and recreational swimmers.","volume":"6","author":"Zemek, M. J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zemek, M. J. and D. J.Magee. Comparison of glenohumeral laxity in elite and recreational swimmers.Clin J Sport Med1996. 61:40\u201347."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-RikkenBultman1","series-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol","first-page":"189","article-title":"Hypermobility in two Dutch school populations.","volume":"73","author":"Rikken-Bultman, D. G. A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rikken-Bultman, D. G. A., L.Wellink, and P. W. J.Van Dongen. Hypermobility in two Dutch school populations.Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol1997. 732:189\u2013192."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Decoster2","series-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med","first-page":"989","article-title":"Prevalence and features of joint hypermobility among adolescent athletes.","volume":"151","author":"Decoster, L. C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Decoster, L. C., J. C.Vailas, R. H.Lindsay, and G. R.Williams. Prevalence and features of joint hypermobility among adolescent athletes.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med1997. 15110:989\u2013992."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Seckin1","series-title":"Rheumatol Int","first-page":"260","article-title":"The prevalence of joint hypermobility among high school students.","volume":"25","author":"Seckin, U.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seckin, U., B. S.Tur, O.Yilmaz, I.Yagci, H.Bodur, and T.Arasil. The prevalence of joint hypermobility among high school students.Rheumatol Int2005. 254:260\u2013263."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-AlRawi1","series-title":"Br J Rheumatol","first-page":"326","article-title":"Joint mobility among university students in Iraq.","volume":"24","author":"Al-Rawi, Z. S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Al-Rawi, Z. S., A. J.Al-Aszawi, and T.Al-Chalabi. Joint mobility among university students in Iraq.Br J Rheumatol1985. 244:326\u2013331."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Didia1","series-title":"East Afr Med J","first-page":"80","article-title":"Joint hypermobility syndrome among undergraduate students.","volume":"79","author":"Didia, B. C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Didia, B. C., D. V. B.Dapper, and S. B.Boboye. Joint hypermobility syndrome among undergraduate students.East Afr Med J2002. 792:80\u201381."},{"key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Brown1","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"110","article-title":"The lax shoulder in females: issues, answers, but many more questions.","volume":"372","author":"Brown, G. A.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brown, G. A., J. L.Tan, and A.Kirkley. The lax shoulder in females: issues, answers, but many more questions.Clin Orthop Relat Res2000. 372:110\u2013122."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Beighton1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"444","article-title":"Orthopaedic aspects of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.","volume":"51","author":"Beighton, P.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Beighton, P. and F.Horan. Orthopaedic aspects of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.J Bone Joint Surg Br1969. 513:444\u2013453."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Beighton2","series-title":"Ann Rheum Dis","first-page":"413","article-title":"Articular mobility in an African population.","volume":"32","author":"Beighton, P.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Beighton, P., L.Solomon, and C. L.Soskolne. Articular mobility in an African population.Ann Rheum Dis1973. 325:413\u2013418."},{"key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Carter1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"40","article-title":"Persistent joint laxity and congenital dislocation of the hip.","volume":"46","author":"Carter, C.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Carter, C. and J.Wilkinson. Persistent joint laxity and congenital dislocation of the hip.J Bone Joint Surg Br1964. 46:40\u201345."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-JuulKristensen1","series-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)","first-page":"1835","article-title":"Inter-examiner reproducibility of tests and criteria for generalized joint hypermobility and benign joint hypermobility syndrome.","volume":"46","author":"Juul-Kristensen, B.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Juul-Kristensen, B., H.Rogind, D. V.Jensen, and L.Remvig. Inter-examiner reproducibility of tests and criteria for generalized joint hypermobility and benign joint hypermobility syndrome.Rheumatology (Oxford)2007. 4612:1835\u20131841."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Simpson1","series-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc","first-page":"531","article-title":"Benign joint hypermobility syndrome: evaluation, diagnosis and management.","volume":"106","author":"Simpson, M. R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simpson, M. R.\n \n Benign joint hypermobility syndrome: evaluation, diagnosis and management.\n J Am Osteopath Assoc\n 2006. 1069:531\u2013536."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Bulbena1","series-title":"J Rheumatol","first-page":"115","article-title":"Clinical assessment of hypermobility of joints: assembling criteria.","volume":"19","author":"Bulbena, A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bulbena, A., J. C.Duro, M.Porta, S.Faus, R.Vallescar, and R.Martin-Santos. Clinical assessment of hypermobility of joints: assembling criteria.J Rheumatol1992. 191:115\u2013122."},{"key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Hansen1","series-title":"J Orthop Med","first-page":"48","article-title":"Inter-examiner reliability of selected tests for hypermobility.","volume":"25","author":"Hansen, A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hansen, A., R.Damsgaard, J. H.Kristensen, J.Baggers, and L.Remvig. Inter-examiner reliability of selected tests for hypermobility.J Orthop Med2002. 25:48\u201351."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-VanderGiessen1","series-title":"J Rheumatol","first-page":"2726","article-title":"Validation of Beighton score and prevalence of connective tissue signs in 773 Dutch children.","volume":"28","author":"Van der Giessen, L. J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van der Giessen, L. J., D.Liekens, K. J. M.Rutgers, A.Hartman, P. G. H.Mulder, and A. P.Oranje. Validation of Beighton score and prevalence of connective tissue signs in 773 Dutch children.J Rheumatol2001. 2812:2726\u20132730."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Russek1","series-title":"Phys Ther","first-page":"591","article-title":"Hypermobility syndrome.","volume":"79","author":"Russek, L. N.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Russek, L. N.\n \n Hypermobility syndrome.\n Phys Ther\n 1999. 796:591\u2013599."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Lintner1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"716","article-title":"Glenohumeral translation in the asymptomatic athlete's shoulder and its relationship to other clinically measurable anthropometric variables.","volume":"24","author":"Lintner, S. A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lintner, S. A., A.Levy, K.Kenter, and K. P.Speer. Glenohumeral translation in the asymptomatic athlete's shoulder and its relationship to other clinically measurable anthropometric variables.Am J Sports Med1996. 246:716\u2013720."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Kroner1","series-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg","first-page":"288","article-title":"The epidemiology of shoulder dislocations.","volume":"108","author":"Kroner, K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kroner, K., T.Lind, and J.Jensen. The epidemiology of shoulder dislocations.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg1989. 1085:288\u2013290."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Nordqvist1","series-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg","first-page":"107","article-title":"Incidence and causes of shoulder girdle injuries in an urban population.","volume":"4","author":"Nordqvist, A.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nordqvist, A. and C. J.Petersson. Incidence and causes of shoulder girdle injuries in an urban population.J Shoulder Elbow Surg1995. 42:107\u2013112."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Owens1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1168","article-title":"The incidence and characteristics of shoulder instability at the United States Military Academy.","volume":"35","author":"Owens, B. D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Owens, B. D., M. L.Duffey, B. J.Nelson, T. M.DeBerardino, D. C.Taylor, and S. B.Mountcastle. The incidence and characteristics of shoulder instability at the United States Military Academy.Am J Sports Med2007. 357:1168\u20131173."},{"key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Simonet1","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"186","article-title":"Incidence of anterior shoulder dislocation in Olmstead County, Minnesota.","volume":"186","author":"Simonet, W. T.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Simonet, W. T., L. J.MeltonIII, R. H.Cofield, and D. M.Listrup. Incidence of anterior shoulder dislocation in Olmstead County, Minnesota.Clin Orthop Relat Res1984. 186:186\u2013191."},{"issue":"suppl F","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Yeap1","series-title":"Med J Malaysia","first-page":"19","article-title":"The epidemiology of shoulder dislocations in Malaysia.","volume":"59","author":"Yeap, J. S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yeap, J. S., D. J.Lee, M.Fazir, T. A.Borhan, and B. A.Kareem. The epidemiology of shoulder dislocations in Malaysia.Med J Malaysia2004. 59suppl F:19\u201323."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-45-3-253-Owens2","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"791","article-title":"Incidence of shoulder dislocation in the United States military: demographic considerations from a high-risk population.","volume":"91","author":"Owens, B. D.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Owens, B. D., L.Dawson, R.Burks, and K. L.Cameron. Incidence of shoulder dislocation in the United States military: demographic considerations from a high-risk population.J Bone Joint Surg Am2009. 914:791\u2013796."}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/45\/3\/article-p253.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/45\/3\/253\/1452123\/1062-6050-45_3_253.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/45\/3\/article-p253.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/45\/3\/article-p253.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T20:38:45Z","timestamp":1749674325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/45\/3\/article-p253.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-45.3.253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}}}