{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:15:39Z","timestamp":1790727339196,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute decreases in strength have been associated with risky biomechanical strategies that might predispose one to injury. Whether acute changes in thigh muscle torque occur across the menstrual cycle remains equivocal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We compared maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque of the knee flexors and extensors between the early follicular (EF) and either the early luteal (EL) or midluteal (ML) phases, which were confirmed by serum hormone concentrations. We expected that MVIC torques would increase from the EF to the EL phase after estradiol peaked and before increased exposure to progesterone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Applied Neuromechanics Research Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-one recreationally active women (age range, 18\u201330\u00a0years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MVICs were measured 1\u00a0day during menses and 1\u00a0day during the 8\u00a0days after ovulation. Participants were grouped by the hormone profile of their luteal test days as EL phase, ML phase, or anovulatory cycle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MVIC torque of knee flexors and extensors (Nm\/kg), estradiol (pg\/mL), progesterone (ng\/mL), and testosterone (ng\/dL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We tested 29 women during their EL phases, 32 during their ML phases, and 10 during anovulatory cycles. Although we observed relatively large individual changes in sex hormone concentrations and MVIC torques across the 2 test sessions, we observed no difference in MVIC torque between test phases (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1,68<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u200a=\u200a 1.17,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a .28) or among groups by test phase (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>2,68<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u200a=\u200a 0.31,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a .74).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thigh MVIC torque did not change from time of menses (when estradiol and progesterone were lowest) to time in the luteal phase after an unopposed estradiol rise or combined estradiol and progesterone rise. However, these findings were limited to MVIC torque production measured at 2 different times, and further research examining these relationships at multiple times and using other measures of neuromuscular function is needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.6.586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,9]],"date-time":"2010-11-09T16:41:13Z","timestamp":1289320873000},"page":"586-593","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Isometric Knee-Extension and Knee-Flexion Torque Production During Early Follicular and Postovulatory Phases in Recreationally Active Women"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Melissa M.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra J.","family":"Shultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-45-6-586-Bjordal1","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"341","article-title":"Epidemiology of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer.","volume":"25","author":"Bjordal, J. 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J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Decker, M. J., M. R.Torry, D. J.Wyland, W. I.Sterett, and R. J.Steadman. Gender differences in lower extremity kinematics, kinetics and energy absorption during landing.Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)2003. 18 (7):662\u2013669."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-45-6-586-Lemoine1","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"439","article-title":"Estrogen receptor alpha mRNA in human skeletal muscles.","volume":"35","author":"Lemoine, S.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lemoine, S., P.Granier, C.Tiffoche, F.Rannou-Bekono, M. L.Thieulant, and P.Delamarche. Estrogen receptor alpha mRNA in human skeletal muscles.Med Sci Sports Exerc2003. 35 (3):439\u2013443."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1062-6050-45-6-586-SinhaHikim1","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"5245","article-title":"Androgen receptor in human skeletal muscle and cultured muscle satellite cells: up-regulation by androgen treatment.","volume":"89","author":"Sinha-Hikim, I.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sinha-Hikim, I., W. E.Taylor, N. F.Gonzalez-Cadavid, W.Zheng, and S.Bhasin. Androgen receptor in human skeletal muscle and cultured muscle satellite cells: up-regulation by androgen treatment.J Clin Endocrinol Metab2004. 89 (10):5245\u20135255."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-45-6-586-Wiik1","series-title":"Acta Physiol Scand","first-page":"381","article-title":"Oestrogen receptor beta is expressed in adult human skeletal muscle both at the mRNA and protein level.","volume":"179","author":"Wiik, A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wiik, A., B.Glenmark, M.Ekman, et al. Oestrogen receptor beta is expressed in adult human skeletal muscle both at the mRNA and protein level.Acta Physiol Scand2003. 179 (4):381\u2013387."},{"key":"i1062-6050-45-6-586-Erdelyi1","series-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","first-page":"174","article-title":"Gynecological survey of female athletes.","volume":"2","author":"Erdelyi, G. J.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Erdelyi, G. J.\n          \n          Gynecological survey of female athletes.\n          J Sports Med Phys Fitness\n          1962. 2:174\u2013179."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-45-6-586-Greeves1","series-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)","first-page":"79","article-title":"Changes in muscle strength in women following the menopause: a longitudinal assessment of the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy.","volume":"97","author":"Greeves, J. P.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Greeves, J. P., N. T.Cable, T.Reilly, and C.Kingsland. 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The relationship of exercise to anovulatory cycles in female athletes: hormonal and physical characteristics.Obstet Gynecol1984. 63 (4):452\u2013456."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-45-6-586-DeSouza1","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"4220","article-title":"High frequency of luteal phase deficiency and anovulation in recreational women runners: blunted elevation in follicle-stimulating hormone observed during luteal-follicular transition.","volume":"83","author":"De Souza, M. J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"De Souza, M. J., B. E.Miller, A. B.Loucks, et al. High frequency of luteal phase deficiency and anovulation in recreational women runners: blunted elevation in follicle-stimulating hormone observed during luteal-follicular transition.J Clin Endocrinol Metab1998. 83 (12):4220\u20134232."},{"issue":"pt 2","key":"i1062-6050-45-6-586-Phillips2","series-title":"J Physiol","first-page":"551","article-title":"Changes in maximal voluntary force of human adductor pollicis muscle during the menstrual cycle.","volume":"496","author":"Phillips, S. K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Phillips, S. K., A. G.Sanderson, K.Birch, S. A.Bruce, and R. C.Woledge. Changes in maximal voluntary force of human adductor pollicis muscle during the menstrual cycle.J Physiol1996. 496 (pt 2):551\u2013557."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-45-6-586-Hakkinen1","series-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness","first-page":"325","article-title":"Force production characteristics of leg extensor, trunk flexor and extensor muscles in male and female basketball players.","volume":"31","author":"Hakkinen, K.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hakkinen, K.\n          \n          Force production characteristics of leg extensor, trunk flexor and extensor muscles in male and female basketball players.\n          J Sports Med Phys Fitness\n          1991. 31 (3):325\u2013331."}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/45\/6\/article-p586.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/45\/6\/586\/1455903\/1062-6050-45_6_586.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/45\/6\/article-p586.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/45\/6\/article-p586.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T20:39:20Z","timestamp":1749674360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/45\/6\/article-p586.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-45.6.586","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]}}}