{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:19:34Z","timestamp":1773188374807,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"abstract":"\n \n Context:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold> Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) infections are increasingly common in athletic settings. The MRSA knowledge and infection-control practices of certified athletic trainers (ATs) and the cleanliness of the athletic training room are important factors in preventing MRSA infections.<\/jats:p>\n \n \n Objective:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold> To assess knowledge of MRSA and the use of common disinfectants among ATs and to explore their infection-control practices.<\/jats:p>\n \n \n Design:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold> Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n \n \n Setting:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold> High school and collegiate athletic training rooms.<\/jats:p>\n \n \n Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold> A total of 163 ATs from National Collegiate Athletic Association Divisions I, II, and III and high schools, representing all 10 National Athletic Trainers' Association districts.<\/jats:p>\n \n \n Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold> Frequencies, analyses of variance, and \u03c72<\/jats:sup> tests were used to assess current practices and opinions and relationships between factors.<\/jats:p>\n \n \n Results:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold> Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> was perceived as a national problem by 92% of respondents; 57% perceived MRSA as a problem in their practice setting. Most respondents had treated general infections (88%), staphylococcal infections (75%), and MRSA infections (57%). Male sex was associated with treating all 3 types of infections (\u03c72<\/jats:sup> test, P<\/jats:italic> < .05). Noncurriculum education was associated with a lack of recognition of environmental issues as risk factors and with the use of isopropyl alcohol for disinfection (\u03c72<\/jats:sup> test, P<\/jats:italic> < .05). For example, 10% of respondents did not recognize that contaminated whirlpools can be a source of MRSA infection. Respondents also incorrectly identified effective cleaning solutions. Thirty percent of respondents cleaned their hands frequently<\/jats:italic> or sometimes<\/jats:italic> before treating each athlete and 35% cleaned their hands sometimes, occasionally,<\/jats:italic> or never<\/jats:italic> after seeing each athlete.<\/jats:p>\n \n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:bold> The majority of ATs were informed about MRSA and made correct disinfection choices. However, improvements are still needed, and not all ATs were using proper disinfection practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.4.415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]],"date-time":"2017-03-02T15:20:48Z","timestamp":1488468048000},"page":"415-423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Certified Athletic Trainers' Knowledge of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Common Disinfectants"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Leamor","family":"Kahanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Applied Science and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020 Department of Kinesiology, San Jose State University, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey E.","family":"Eberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Applied Science and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020 Department of Kinesiology, San Jose State University, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Semerjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020 Department of Kinesiology, San Jose State University, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021 Department of Health Science, San Jose State University, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b1","series-title":"JAMA.","first-page":"1763","article-title":"Invasive methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States","volume":"298","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klevens\n RM\n , MorrisonMA, NadleJ, \n et al. Invasive methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA.2007;298 (15):1763\u20131771."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b2","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"178","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?","volume":"7","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chambers\n HF.\n \n \n The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?\n Emerg Infect Dis. 2001; 7 (2):178\u2013182."},{"issue":"7562","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b3","series-title":"BMJ.","first-page":"281","article-title":"Mortality after Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in two hospitals in Oxfordshire, 1997\u2013 2003: cohort study","volume":"333","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wyllie\n DH\n , CrookDW, PetoTEA.\n Mortality after Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in two hospitals in Oxfordshire, 1997\u2013 2003: cohort study. BMJ.2006;333(7562):281."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b4","series-title":"WMJ.","first-page":"52","article-title":"Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: review of an emerging public health concern","volume":"105","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drews\n TD\n , TemteJL, FoxBC.\n Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: review of an emerging public health concern. WMJ.2006;105 (1):52\u201357."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b5","article-title":"Community-associated MRSA information for the public","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Community-associated MRSA information for the public. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncidod\/dhqp\/ar_mrsa_ca_public.html. Accessed May 1, 2010."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b6","article-title":"Hospital-associated MRSA information for the public","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hospital-associated MRSA information for the public. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncidod\/dhqp\/ar_mrsa_ca_clinicians.html#7. Accessed May 1, 2010."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b7","series-title":"Int J Sports Med.","first-page":"557","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the athlete","volume":"30","year":"2009","unstructured":"Redziniak\n DE\n , DiduchDR, TurmanK, \n et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the athlete. Int J Sports Med.2009;30 (8): 557\u2013562."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b8","series-title":"Athl Ther Today.","first-page":"37","article-title":"A practical approach to preventing CA-MRSA infections in the athletic setting","volume":"13","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rogers\n SD.\n \n \n A practical approach to preventing CA-MRSA infections in the athletic setting. Athl Ther Today.2008;13 (4):37\u201341."},{"issue":"8","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b9","series-title":"Arch Intern Med.","first-page":"895","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a high school wrestling team and the surrounding community","volume":"158","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lindenmayer\n JM\n , SchoenfeldS, O'GradyR, CarneyJK.\n Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a high school wrestling team and the surrounding community. Arch Intern Med.1998;158 (8):895\u2013899."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b10","series-title":"Br J Sports Med.","first-page":"153","article-title":"An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a rugby football team","volume":"32","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stacey\n AR\n , EndersbyKE, ChanPC, MarplesRR.\n An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a rugby football team. Br J Sports Med.1998;32 (2):153\u2013154."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b11","series-title":"N Engl J Med.","first-page":"468","article-title":"A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players","volume":"352","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kazakova\n SV\n , HagemanJC, MatavaM, \n et al. A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players. N Engl J Med.2005;352 (5):468\u2013475."},{"issue":"33","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b12","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.","first-page":"793","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among competitive sports participants: Colorado, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles Country, 2002\u2013 2003","volume":"52","year":"2003","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among competitive sports participants: Colorado, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles Country, 2002\u2013 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2003;52 (33):793\u2013795."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b13","article-title":"Athletes vulnerable to dangerous staph infection","unstructured":"ABC News. Athletes vulnerable to dangerous staph infection. http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/WNT\/Health\/story?id=1580657. Accessed May 1, 2010."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b14","article-title":"Superbug MRSA worries doctors, athletes","unstructured":"ABC News. Superbug MRSA worries doctors, athletes. http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Health\/Primetime\/story?id=410908&page=1. Accessed November 8, 2010."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b15","article-title":"MRSA: fighting the superbug","unstructured":"CBS News. MRSA: fighting the superbug. http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/stories\/2007\/11\/08\/60minutes\/main3474157.shtml. Accessed May 1, 2010."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b16","series-title":"Washington Post","article-title":"Staph infections rise among athletes","unstructured":"Withers\n T.\n \n \n Staph infections rise among athletes. Washington Post. http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/11\/25\/AR2006112500385.html. Accessed November 8, 2010."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b17","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med.","first-page":"185","article-title":"Community- associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a college student athlete population","volume":"20","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rackman\n MD\n , RaySM, FranksAS, BielakKM, PinnTM.\n Community- associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a college student athlete population. Clin J Sport Med.2010;20 (3): 185\u2013188."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b18","series-title":"Am Med News","article-title":"New CDC report, recent events add to MRSA's infamy","unstructured":"Tomaselli\n KP.\n \n \n New CDC report, recent events add to MRSA's infamy. Am Med News. http:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/amednews\/2007\/11\/12\/hlsc1112.htm. Accessed November 8, 2010."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b19","article-title":"Bacteria that killed Virginia teen found in other schools","unstructured":"Rao\n M\n , LangmaidT.\n Bacteria that killed Virginia teen found in other schools. CNN. http:\/\/articles.cnn.com\/2007-10-18\/health\/mrsa.cases_1_mrsa-ashton-bonds-staphylococcus?_s=PM:HEALTH. Accessed November 8, 2010."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b20","series-title":"South Med J.","first-page":"596","article-title":"Cutaneous community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in participants of athletic activities","volume":"98","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cohen\n PR.\n \n \n Cutaneous community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in participants of athletic activities. South Med J.2005;98 (6):596\u2013602."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b21","article-title":"PA football player, 17, dies of staph infection","unstructured":"Associated Press. PA football player, 17, dies of staph infection. WPVITV. http:\/\/abclocal.go.com\/wpvi\/story?section=news\/local&id=6418291. Accessed February 24, 2011."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b22","series-title":"South Med J.","first-page":"596","article-title":"Cutaneous community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in participants of athletic activities","volume":"98","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cohen\n PR.\n \n \n Cutaneous community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in participants of athletic activities. South Med J.2005;98 (6):596\u2013602."},{"issue":"10","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b23","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis.","first-page":"1446","article-title":"A high-morbidity outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among players on a college football team, facilitated by cosmetic body shaving and turf burns","volume":"39","year":"2004","unstructured":"Begier\n EM\n , FrenetteK, BarrettNL, \n et al. A high-morbidity outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among players on a college football team, facilitated by cosmetic body shaving and turf burns. Clin Infect Dis.2004;39 (10):1446\u20131453."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b24","series-title":"J Athl Train.","first-page":"141","article-title":"Outbreak of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among a collegiate football team","volume":"41","year":"2006","unstructured":"Romano\n R\n , LuD, HoltomP.\n Outbreak of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among a collegiate football team. J Athl Train.2006;41 (2):141\u2013145."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b25","series-title":"Am J Infect Control","first-page":"313","article-title":"APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants: 1994, 1995, and 1996 APIC Guidelines Committee. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc","volume":"24","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rutala\n WA.\n \n \n APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants: 1994, 1995, and 1996 APIC Guidelines Committee. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Am J Infect Control. 1996; 24(4):313\u2013342."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b26","series-title":"APIC Infection Control and Applied Epidemiology: Principles and Practices","first-page":"19","article-title":"Antiseptics","year":"1996","unstructured":"Larson\n EL.\n \n \n Antiseptics. In: OlmstadRN, ed. APIC Infection Control and Applied Epidemiology: Principles and Practices. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc; 1996:19\u201311, 19\u201317, G11\u2013G17."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b27","article-title":"Official statement from the National Athletic Trainers' Association on community-acquired MRSA infections (CA-MRSA)","unstructured":"National Athletic Trainers' Association. Official statement from the National Athletic Trainers' Association on community-acquired MRSA infections (CA-MRSA). http:\/\/www.nata.org\/sites\/default\/files\/MRSA.pdf. Accessed November 8, 2010."},{"issue":"10 suppl 2","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b28","series-title":"Am J Infect Control.","first-page":"S165","article-title":"Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings","volume":"35","year":"2007","unstructured":"Siegel\n JD\n , RhinehartE, JacksonM, ChiarelloL; Health Care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. \n Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings. Am J Infect Control.2007;35(10 suppl 2):S165\u2013S193."},{"issue":"10 suppl 2","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b29","series-title":"Am J Infect Control.","first-page":"S65","article-title":"2007 Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings","volume":"35","year":"2007","unstructured":"Siegel\n JD\n , RhinehartE, JacksonM, ChiarelloL; Health Care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. \n 2007 Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in health care settings. Am J Infect Control.2007;35(10 suppl 2):S65\u2013S164."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b30","series-title":"Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities: Recommendations from CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sehulster\n LM\n , ChinnRYW, ArduinoMJ, \n et al. Guidelines for Environmental Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities: Recommendations from CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Chicago, IL: American Society for Healthcare Engineering\/American Hospital Association; 2004."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b31","series-title":"NATA News","first-page":"12","article-title":"Athletic trainers and MRSA infections: what's the score?","year":"May 2007","unstructured":"Goding\n AM\n , RainischKJ, CochranRL, HagemanJC; National Athletic Trainers' Association College and University Athletic Trainers Committee. \n Athletic trainers and MRSA infections: what's the score?\n NATA News. May 2007:12\u201315."},{"issue":"RR-16","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b32","series-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Health-care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC\/SHEA\/APIC\/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America\/Association for Professionals in Infection Control\/Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"25","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boyce\n JM\n , PittetD; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee; HICPAC\/SHEA\/APIC\/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. \n Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Health-care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC\/SHEA\/APIC\/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America\/Association for Professionals in Infection Control\/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;25; 51 (RR-16):1\u201345."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b33","article-title":"Hand hygiene guidelines fact sheet","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hand hygiene guidelines fact sheet. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/media\/pressre\/fs021025.htm. Accessed November 8, 2010."},{"key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b34","article-title":"EPA's registered products effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis or faecium (VRE)","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's registered products effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis or faecium (VRE). http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/oppad001\/list_h_mrsa_vre.pdf. Accessed November 8, 2010."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b35","series-title":"J Athl Train.","first-page":"428","article-title":"Using disablement models and clinical outcomes assessment to enable evidence-based athletic training practice, part I: disablement models","volume":"43","year":"2008","unstructured":"Snyder\n AR\n , ParsonsJT, Valovich McLeodTC, Curtis BayR, MichenerLA, SauersEL.\n Using disablement models and clinical outcomes assessment to enable evidence-based athletic training practice, part I: disablement models. J Athl Train.2008;43 (4):428\u2013436."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b36","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol.","first-page":"3601","article-title":"Chemical disinfection of hepatitis A virus on environmental surfaces","volume":"56","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mbithi\n JN\n , SpringthorpeVS, SattarSA.\n Chemical disinfection of hepatitis A virus on environmental surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol.1990;56 (11):3601\u20133604."},{"issue":"9","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b37","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol.","first-page":"4255","article-title":"Bacterial spores survive treatment with commercial sterilants and disinfectants","volume":"65","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sagripanti\n JL\n , BonifacinoA.\n Bacterial spores survive treatment with commercial sterilants and disinfectants. Appl Environ Microbiol.1999;65 (9):4255\u20134260."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b38","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol.","first-page":"545","article-title":"Comparative sporicidal effects of liquid chemical agents","volume":"62","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sagripanti\n JL\n , BonifacinoA.\n Comparative sporicidal effects of liquid chemical agents. Appl Environ Microbiol.1996;62 (2):545\u2013551."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-46-4-415-b39","series-title":"J Am Board Fam Pract.","first-page":"220","article-title":"It's not a spider bite, it's community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"17","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dominguez\n TJ.\n \n \n It's not a spider bite, it's community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Board Fam Pract.2004;17 (3): 220\u2013226."}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/46\/4\/article-p415.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/46\/4\/415\/1452830\/1062-6050-46_4_415.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/46\/4\/article-p415.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/46\/4\/article-p415.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:41:27Z","timestamp":1749688887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/46\/4\/article-p415.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-46.4.415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011]]}}}