{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T02:12:30Z","timestamp":1785723150651,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Throwing is a whole-body motion that requires the transfer of momentum from the lower extremity to the upper extremity via the trunk. No research to date examines the association between a history of shoulder or elbow injury and trunk flexibility in overhead athletes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine if injury history and trunk-rotation flexibility are associated and to compare trunk-rotation flexibility measured using 3 clinical tests: half-kneeling rotation test with the bar in the back, half-kneeling rotation test with the bar in the front, and seated rotation test in softball position players with or without a history of shoulder or elbow injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional design.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>University softball facilities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sixty-five female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I softball position players.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Trunk-rotation flexibility was measured with 3 clinical tests. Recent injury history was obtained using a questionnaire and verified by the certified athletic trainer.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Binomial regression models were used to determine if injury history was associated with flexibility categories (high, normal, or limited tertiles) for each of the 6 (3 tests \u00d7 2 directions) trunk-rotation flexibility measures. Trunk-rotation flexibility measures from 3 clinical tests were compared between participants with and without a history of shoulder or elbow injury using analysis-of-variance models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>When measured using the half-kneeling rotation test with the bar in the back and the seated rotation test, injury history and forward trunk-rotation flexibility were associated. However, no mean group differences were seen in trunk-rotation flexibility between participants with and without a history of shoulder or elbow injury.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Limited forward trunk-rotation flexibility may be a risk factor for shoulder or elbow injuries. However, further study is needed to confirm the study finding.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.3.11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]],"date-time":"2017-03-02T15:14:33Z","timestamp":1488467673000},"page":"507-515","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Trunk-Rotation Flexibility in Collegiate Softball Players With or Without a History of Shoulder or Elbow Injury"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Veronica J.","family":"Aragon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Athletics Department, Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakiko","family":"Oyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Oliaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus Health Service, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darin A.","family":"Padua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Myers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Sport Science"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Marshall1","first-page":"286","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's softball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004","volume":"42","author":"Marshall","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Bonza1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.1.76","article-title":"Shoulder injuries among United States high school athletes during the 2005\u20132006 and 2006\u20132007 school years","volume":"44","author":"Bonza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Aguinaldo1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.23.1.42","article-title":"Effects of upper trunk rotation on shoulder joint torque among baseball pitchers of various levels","volume":"23","author":"Aguinaldo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Aguinaldo2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509336721","article-title":"Correlation of throwing mechanics with elbow valgus load in adult baseball pitchers","volume":"37","author":"Aguinaldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Anz1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510363402","article-title":"Correlation of torque and elbow injury in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"38","author":"Anz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Davis1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509340226","article-title":"The effect of pitching biomechanics on the upper extremity in youth and adolescent baseball pitchers","volume":"37","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Wight1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140408522831","article-title":"Influence of pelvis rotation styles on baseball pitching mechanics","volume":"3","author":"Wight","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Putnam1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199101000-00019","article-title":"A segment interaction analysis of proximal-to-distal sequential segment motion patterns","volume":"23","author":"Putnam","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Hill1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1964.0005","article-title":"The efficiency of mechanical power development during muscular shortening and its relation to load","volume":"159","author":"Hill","year":"1964","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Dillman1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.18.2.402","article-title":"Biomechanics of pitching with emphasis upon shoulder kinematics","volume":"18","author":"Dillman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Pappas1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658501300402","article-title":"Biomechanics of baseball pitching: a preliminary report","volume":"13","author":"Pappas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Norkin1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Rotation","volume":"1995","author":"Norkin","journal-title":"Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry. 2nd ed"},{"key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Rose1","first-page":"2008","volume-title":"TPI Certified Golf Fitness Instructor 1","author":"Rose"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Laudner1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.2146","article-title":"Scapular dysfunction in throwers with pathologic internal impingement","volume":"36","author":"Laudner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Myers1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505281804","article-title":"Glenohumeral range of motion deficits and posterior shoulder tightness in throwers with pathologic internal impingement","volume":"34","author":"Myers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Ruotolo1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.05.006","article-title":"Loss of total arc of motion in collegiate baseball players","volume":"15","author":"Ruotolo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Byram1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509360404","article-title":"Preseason shoulder strength measurements in professional baseball pitchers: identifying players at risk for injury","volume":"38","author":"Byram","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Albright1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/036354657800600104","article-title":"Clinical study of baseball pitchers: correlation of injury to the throwing arm with method of delivery","volume":"6","author":"Albright","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Werner1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465010290031701","article-title":"Relationships between throwing mechanics and shoulder distraction in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"29","author":"Werner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Werner2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2006.05.007","article-title":"Relationships between throwing mechanics and shoulder distraction in collegiate baseball pitchers","volume":"16","author":"Werner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Werner3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2002.121481","article-title":"Relationship between throwing mechanics and elbow valgus in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"11","author":"Werner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Barrentine1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1998.28.6.405","article-title":"Biomechanics of windmill softball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms at the shoulder and elbow","volume":"28","author":"Barrentine","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Downar1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Clinical measures of shoulder mobility in the professional baseball player","volume":"40","author":"Downar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Dun1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.01.008","article-title":"The relationship between age and baseball pitching kinematics in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"40","author":"Dun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Fleisig1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659502300218","article-title":"Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Fleisig","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Fleisig2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00127-X","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic comparison of baseball pitching among various levels of development","volume":"32","author":"Fleisig","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Fleisig3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.12.2.207","article-title":"Kinematic and kinetic comparison of between baseball pitching and football passing","volume":"12","author":"Fleisig","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Werner4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.17.6.274","article-title":"Biomechanics of the elbow during baseball pitching","volume":"17","author":"Werner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411455557500_i1062-6050-47-5-507-Werner5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546505281796","article-title":"Kinematics and kinetics of elite windmill softball pitching","volume":"34","author":"Werner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/47\/5\/507\/1609083\/1062-6050-47_3_11.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/47\/5\/507\/1609083\/1062-6050-47_3_11.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T18:58:29Z","timestamp":1749668309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/47\/5\/article-p507.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-47.3.11","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]}}}