{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:15:18Z","timestamp":1793754918774,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stochastic resonance stimulation (SRS) administered at an optimal intensity could maximize the effects of treatment on balance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine if a customized optimal SRS intensity is better than a traditional SRS protocol (applying the same percentage sensory threshold intensity for all participants) for improving double- and single-legged balance in participants with or without functional ankle instability (FAI).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Case-control study with an embedded crossover design.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Twelve healthy participants (6 men, 6 women; age = 22 \u00b1 2 years, height = 170 \u00b1 7 cm, mass = 64 \u00b1 10 kg) and 12 participants (6 men, 6 women; age = 23 \u00b1 3 years, height = 174 \u00b1 8 cm, mass = 69 \u00b1 10 kg) with FAI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The SRS optimal intensity level was determined by finding the intensity from 4 experimental intensities at the percentage sensory threshold (25% [SRS25], 50% [SRS50], 75% [SRS75], 90% [SRS90]) that produced the greatest improvement in resultant center-of-pressure velocity (R-COPV) over a control condition (SRS0) during double-legged balance. We examined double- and single-legged balance tests, comparing optimal SRS (SRSopt1) and SRS0 using a battery of center-of-pressure measures in the frontal and sagittal planes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Anterior-posterior (A-P) and medial-lateral (M-L) center-of-pressure velocity (COPV) and center-of-pressure excursion (COPE), R-COPV, and 95th percentile center-of-pressure area ellipse (COPA-95).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data were organized into bins that represented optimal (SRSopt1), second (SRSopt2), third (SRSopt3), and fourth (SRSopt4) improvement over SRS0. The SRSopt1 enhanced R-COPV (P \u2264 .05) over SRS0 and other SRS conditions (SRS0 = 0.94 \u00b1 0.32 cm\/s, SRSopt1 = 0.80 \u00b1 0.19 cm\/s, SRSopt2 = 0.88 \u00b1 0.24 cm\/s, SRSopt3 = 0.94 \u00b1 0.25 cm\/s, SRSopt4 = 1.00 \u00b1 0.28 cm\/s). However, SRS did not improve R-COPV over SRS0 when data were categorized by sensory threshold. Furthermore, SRSopt1 improved double-legged balance over SRS0 from 11% to 25% in all participants for the center-of-pressure frontal- and sagittal-plane assessments (P \u2264 .05). The SRSopt1 also improved single-legged balance over SRS0 from 10% to 17% in participants with FAI for the center-of-pressure frontal- and sagittal-plane assessments (P \u2264 .05). The SRSopt1 did not improve single-legged balance in participants with stable ankles.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The SRSopt1 improved double-legged balance and transfers to enhancing single-legged balance deficits associated with FAI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.3.12","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,31]],"date-time":"2013-05-31T17:09:07Z","timestamp":1370020147000},"page":"463-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Customized Noise-Stimulation Intensity for Bipedal Stability and Unipedal Balance Deficits Associated With Functional Ankle Instability"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina-Greensboro;"},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley W.","family":"Linens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia State University, Atlanta;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marywood University, Scranton, PA. Dr Wright is now at Whitworth University, Spokane, WA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent L.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b01","first-page":"512","article-title":"Commentary: functional ankle instability revisited","volume":"37","author":"Tropp","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318192d044","article-title":"Ankle instability is associated with balance impairments: a meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198401000-00013","article-title":"Stabilometry in functional instability of the ankle and its value in predicting injury","volume":"16","author":"Tropp","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200010000-00003","article-title":"Balance as a predictor of ankle injuries in high school basketball players","volume":"10","author":"McGuine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.029645","article-title":"Do voluntary strength, proprioception, range of motion or postural sway predict occurrence of lateral ankle sprain?","volume":"40","author":"de Noronha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200112000-00003","article-title":"A multi-station proprioception exercise program in patients with ankle instability","volume":"33","author":"Eils","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1999.29.8.478","article-title":"Balance training for persons with functionally unstable ankles","volume":"29","author":"Rozzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.032912","article-title":"Noise-enhanced postural stability in subjects with functional ankle instability","volume":"41","author":"Ross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200607000-00007","article-title":"Effect of coordination training with and without stochastic resonance stimulation on dynamic postural stability of subjects with functional ankle instability and subjects with stable ankles","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-4-47","article-title":"Enhanced balance associated with coordination training with stochastic resonance stimulation in subjects with functional ankle instability: an experimental trial","volume":"4","author":"Ross","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"issue":"6603","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/383769a0","article-title":"Noise in human spindles","volume":"383","author":"Cordo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1063\/1.166341","article-title":"Using electrical noise to enhance the ability of humans to detect subthreshold mechanical cutaneous stimuli","volume":"8","author":"Richardson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01164.2006","article-title":"Stochastic resonance in the motor system: effects of noise on the monosynaptic reflex pathway of the cat spinal cord","volume":"97","author":"Martinez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2020060411461468900_i1062-6050-48-4-463-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphys.2010.04.027","article-title":"How does stochastic resonance work within the human brain? 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