{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T04:50:57Z","timestamp":1767847857851,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visually impaired athletes sustain overuse injuries in the lower limbs, but the pattern of injuries may vary according to the sport. The characteristics of sports injuries in visually impaired swimmers are unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the characteristics and epidemiologic measures (prevalence, clinical incidence, and incidence rate) of sports injuries in visually impaired elite national swimmers and to assess differences among visual classes and between sexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Descriptive epidemiology study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>International Paralympic competitions held between 2004 and 2008.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-eight elite, visually impaired swimmers (19 males, 9 females) from the Brazilian Paralympic Team participated in this study. Twelve were visual class S11 (blind swimmers), 12 were S12 (low-vision swimmers), and 4 were S13 (low-vision swimmers).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title><jats:p>A standardized report form was used to collect data during 5 competitions. This was endorsed by 2 Brazilian sports governing bodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measures:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The characteristics, prevalence, clinical incidence, and incidence rate of injuries were calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen athletes reported 41 sports injuries, with a prevalence of 64%, clinical incidence of 1.5 injuries per athlete, and an incidence rate of 0.3 injuries per athlete per competition. Overuse injuries (80%) were more frequent than traumatic injuries (20%). The clinical incidence and prevalence varied according to sex and visual class, but no statistical differences were observed (P &amp;gt; .05). The highest proportion of injuries was in the trunk (46.34%), followed by the upper limbs (34.15%). The shoulders (29.27%) were most affected, followed by the thoracic (21.95%) and lumbar spine (17.07%). Spasm (36.59%) was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by tendinopathy (26.83%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visually impaired swimmers had a relatively high proportion of overuse injuries, predominantly associated with muscle spasm in the spine and tendinopathy in the shoulders. No differences were apparent in injury prevalence and clinical incidence among visual classes or between sexes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.4.07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,14]],"date-time":"2013-06-14T15:00:49Z","timestamp":1371222049000},"page":"493-498","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Sport Injuries in Elite Paralympic Swimmers With Visual Impairment"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Marilia Magno e","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adapted Physical Education, University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Bilzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Health, University of Bath, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edison","family":"Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adapted Physical Education, University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Gorla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adapted Physical Education, University of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Vital","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b01","article-title":"Swimming rules and regulations 2010","author":"International Paralympic Committee"},{"key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b02","first-page":"233","article-title":"Visual impairments","author":"Lieberman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adapted Physical Education and Sport. 4th ed"},{"key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b03","first-page":"161","article-title":"Disability sport","author":"Harmer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology of Sports Injuries"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030020-00006","article-title":"Injuries to athletes with disabilities: identifying injury patterns","volume":"30","author":"Ferrara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.5.384","article-title":"Risk factors for sports injuries\u2014a methodological approach","volume":"37","author":"Bahr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-86922011000500005","article-title":"[Aspectos das les\u00f5es esportivas em atletas com defici\u00eancia visual]","volume":"17","author":"Magno e Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Bras Med Esporte"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-199107000-00008","article-title":"Sports medicine for the physically disabled: the Canadian team experience at the 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games","volume":"1","author":"Burnham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199202000-00005","article-title":"The injury experience of the competitive athlete with a disability: prevention implications","volume":"24","author":"Ferrara","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90086-8","article-title":"Soft tissue injuries to USA paralympians at the 1996 summer games","volume":"81","author":"Nyland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.025270","article-title":"Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries","volume":"40","author":"Fuller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b11","first-page":"207","article-title":"Issues in estimating risk and rates in sports injury research","volume":"41","author":"Knowles","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2020060411465461300_i1062-6050-48-4-493-b12","first-page":"32","article-title":"Measuring the occurrence of disease: morbidity","author":"Gordis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gordis L. 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