{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:23:02Z","timestamp":1790115782479,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alterations in scapular muscle activation, which are common with glenohumeral (GH) injuries, affect stability and function. Rehabilitation aims to reestablish activation between muscles for stability by progressing to whole-body movements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine scapular muscle-activation ratios and individual muscle activity (upper trapezius [UT], middle trapezius [MT], lower trapezius [LT], serratus anterior [SA]) differences between participants with GH injuries and healthy control participants during functional rehabilitation exercises.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-nine participants who had GH injuries (n = 20; age = 23.6 \u00b1 3.2 years, height = 170.7 \u00b1 11.5 cm, mass = 74.7 \u00b1 13.1 kg) or were healthy (n = 19; age = 24.4 \u00b1 3.3 years, height = 173.6 \u00b1 8.6 cm, mass = 74.7 \u00b1 14.8 kg) were tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical examination confirmed each participant's classification as GH injury or healthy control. Participants performed 4 exercises (bow and arrow, external rotation with scapular squeeze, lawnmower, robbery) over 3 seconds with no load while muscle activity was recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used surface electromyography to measure UT, MT, LT, and SA muscle activity. Scapular muscle-activation ratios (UT:MT, UT:LT, and UT:SA) were calculated (normalized mean electromyography of the UT divided by normalized mean electromyography of the MT, LT, and SA). Exercise \u00d7 group analyses of variance with repeated measures were conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>No group differences for activation ratios or individual muscle activation amplitude were found (P &amp;gt; .05). Similar UT:MT and UT:LT activation ratios during bow-and-arrow and robbery exercises were seen (P &amp;gt; .05); both had greater activation than external-rotation-with-scapular-squeeze and lawnmower exercises (P &amp;lt; .05). The bow-and-arrow exercise elicited the highest activation from the UT, MT, and LT muscles; SA activation was greatest during the external-rotation-with-scapular-squeeze exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scapular muscle activation was similar between participants with GH injuries and healthy control participants when performing the unloaded multiplanar, multijoint exercises tested. High activation ratios during the bow-and-arrow exercise indicate UT hyperactivity or decreased MT, LT, and SA activity. Our GH injury group may be comparable to high-functioning injured athletes. Study results may assist clinicians in selecting appropriate exercises for scapular muscle activation when caring for injured athletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,19]],"date-time":"2014-05-19T19:27:21Z","timestamp":1400527641000},"page":"345-355","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Scapular Muscle-Activation Ratios in Patients With Shoulder Injuries During Functional Shoulder Exercises"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Chad R.","family":"Moeller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Diamondbacks Baseball Club, Scottsdale"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kellie C. Huxel","family":"Bliven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison R. 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