{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T23:10:11Z","timestamp":1783725011277,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Physical activity may affect the concentrations of circulating endogenous hormones in female athletes. Understanding the relationship between athletic and physical activity and circulating female hormone concentrations is critical.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To test the hypotheses that (1) the estradiol-progesterone profile of high school adolescent girls participating in training, conditioning, and competition would differ from that of physically inactive, age-matched adolescent girls throughout a 3-month period; and (2) athletic training and conditioning would alter body composition (muscle, bone), leading to an increasingly greater lean\u2013body-mass to fat\u2013body-mass ratio with accompanying hormonal changes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Settings:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Laboratory and participants' homes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 106 adolescent girls, ages 14\u201318 years, who had experienced at least 3 menstrual cycles in their lifetime.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were prospectively monitored throughout a 13-week period, with weekly physical activity assessments and 15 urine samples for estrogen, luteinizing hormone, creatinine, and progesterone concentrations. Each girl underwent body-composition measurements before and after the study period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Seventy-four of the 98 girls (76%) who completed the study classified themselves as athletes. Body mass index, body mass, and fat measures remained stable, and 17 teenagers had no complete menstrual cycle during the observation period. Mean concentrations of log(estrogen\/creatinine) were slightly greater in nonathletes who had cycles of &amp;lt;24 or &amp;gt;35 days. Mean log(progesterone\/creatinine) concentrations in nonathletes were less in the first half and greater in the second half of the cycle, but the differences were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A moderate level of athletic or physical activity did not influence urine concentrations of estrogen, progesterone, or luteinizing hormones. However, none of the participants achieved high levels of physical activity. A significant number (17%) of girls in both activity groups were amenorrheic during the 3-month study period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.62","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]],"date-time":"2014-10-20T13:07:34Z","timestamp":1413810454000},"page":"185-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Athletic Activity and Hormone Concentrations in High School Female Athletes"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Wojtys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MedSport and Departments of"},{"name":"Orthopaedic Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary L.","family":"Jannausch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, and"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Kreinbrink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siob\u00e1n D.","family":"Harlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MaryFran R.","family":"Sowers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"2020060408263569800_i1062-6050-50-2-185-b01","first-page":"4220","article-title":"High frequency of luteal phase deficiency and anovulation in recreational women runners: blunted elevation in follicle-stimulating hormone observed during luteal-follicular transition","volume":"83","author":"De Souza","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060408263569800_i1062-6050-50-2-185-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf060","article-title":"Physical activity and menstrual cycle characteristics in two prospective cohorts","volume":"156","author":"Sternfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060408263569800_i1062-6050-50-2-185-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199611000-00010","article-title":"Association of physical and behavioral characteristics with menstrual cycle patterns in women age 29\u201331 years","volume":"7","author":"Cooper","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020060408263569800_i1062-6050-50-2-185-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333110-00004","article-title":"Effects of the menstrual cycle on exercise performance","volume":"33","author":"Janse de Jonge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060408263569800_i1062-6050-50-2-185-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199510000-00007","article-title":"Strenuous exercise with caloric restriction: effect on luteinizing hormone secretion","volume":"27","author":"Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060408263569800_i1062-6050-50-2-185-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465020300020601","article-title":"The effect of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injuries in women as determined by hormone levels","volume":"30","author":"Wojtys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060408263569800_i1062-6050-50-2-185-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260050301","article-title":"Association between the menstrual cycle and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes","volume":"26","author":"Wojtys","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2020060408263569800_i1062-6050-50-2-185-b08","unstructured":"Yen\n              SSC, \n            \n              Jaffe\n              RB, \n            \n              Barbieri\n              RL, \n          \n          eds. 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