{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:13:15Z","timestamp":1790662395064,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional reach on the Star Excursion Balance Test is decreased in participants with chronic ankle instability (CAI). However, comprehensive 3-dimensional kinematics associated with these deficits have not been reported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if lower extremity kinematics differed in CAI participants during anteromedial, medial, and posteromedial reach on the Star Excursion Balance Test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sports medicine research laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty CAI participants (age = 24.15 \u00b1 3.84 years, height = 168.95 \u00b1 11.57 cm, mass = 68.95 \u00b1 16.29 kg) and 20 uninjured participants (age = 25.65 \u00b1 5.58 years, height = 170.14 \u00b1 8.75 cm, mass = 69.89 \u00b1 10.51 kg) with no history of ankle sprain. We operationally defined CAI as repeated episodes of ankle \u201cgiving way\u201d or \u201crolling over\u201d or both, regardless of neuromuscular deficits or pathologic laxity. All CAI participants scored \u226426 on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Star Excursion Balance Test reaches in the anteromedial, medial, and posteromedial directions. The CAI participants used the unstable side as the stance leg. Control participants were sex, height, mass, and side matched to the CAI group. The 3-dimensional kinematics were assessed with a motion-capture system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Group differences on normalized reach distance, trunk, pelvis, and hip-, knee-, and ankle-joint angles at maximum Star Excursion Balance Test reach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No reach-distance differences were detected between CAI and uninjured participants in any of the 3 reach directions. With anteromedial reach, trunk rotation (t1,38 = 3.06, P = .004), pelvic rotation (t1,38 = 3.17, P = .003), and hip flexion (t1,38 = 2.40, P = .002) were greater in CAI participants. With medial reach, trunk flexion (t1,38 = 6.39, P = .05) was greater than for uninjured participants. No differences were seen with posteromedial reach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did not detect reach-distance differences in any direction. However, participants with CAI rotated the trunk and pelvis more toward the stance leg than did stable-ankle participants during anteromedial and medial reach, possibly to help maintain a proximal stable posture and compensate for distal instability. These joint-angle differences with Star Excursion Balance Test performance may represent unique compensatory patterns for those with CAI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.74","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,22]],"date-time":"2014-12-22T13:43:43Z","timestamp":1419255823000},"page":"358-365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Trunk-Rotation Differences at Maximal Reach of the Star Excursion Balance Test in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"de la Motte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent L.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott E.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Greensboro"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2012.11.1987","article-title":"A new paradigm for rehabilitation of patients with chronic ankle instability","volume":"40","author":"Donovan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Sportsmed"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318192d044","article-title":"Ankle instability is associated with balance impairments: a meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b03","first-page":"501","article-title":"Efficacy of the Star Excursion Balance Tests in detecting reach deficits in subjects with chronic ankle instability","volume":"37","author":"Olmsted","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-924289","article-title":"Chronic ankle instability and fatigue create proximal joint alterations during performance of the Star Excursion Balance Test","volume":"28","author":"Gribble","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b05","first-page":"321","article-title":"The effects of fatigue and chronic ankle instability on dynamic postural control","volume":"39","author":"Gribble","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.3.08","article-title":"Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Gribble","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.9.2.104","article-title":"Intratester and intertester reliability during the Star Excursion Balance Tests","volume":"9","author":"Hertel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1998.27.5.356","article-title":"The reliability of the Star-Excursion Test in assessing dynamic balance","volume":"27","author":"Kinzey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.17.4.347","article-title":"Kinematic predictors of performance on the Star Excursion Balance Test","volume":"17","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sport Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.36.3.131","article-title":"Simplifying the Star Excursion Balance Test: analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability","volume":"36","author":"Hertel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.05.022","article-title":"The Cumberland ankle instability tool: a report of validity and reliability testing","volume":"87","author":"Hiller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b12","first-page":"35","article-title":"Reliability and sensitivity of the Foot and Ankle Disability Index in subjects with chronic ankle instability","volume":"40","author":"Hale","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b13","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability","volume":"40","author":"Cote","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199105000-00012","article-title":"Three-dimensional lower extremity joint kinetics in normal pediatric gait","volume":"11","author":"Ounpuu","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.03.003","article-title":"Sensorimotor function as a predictor of chronic ankle instability","volume":"24","author":"Sefton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327841MPEE0702_3","article-title":"Considerations for normalizing measures of the Star Excursion Balance Test","volume":"7","author":"Gribble","year":"2003","journal-title":"Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.08.139","article-title":"Support for a reduction in the number of trials needed for the Star Excursion Balance Test","volume":"89","author":"Robinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.5.461","article-title":"Hip kinematics during a stop-jump task in patients with chronic ankle instability","volume":"46","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-19272","article-title":"Functional instability of the ankle: differences in patterns of ankle and knee movement prior to and post landing in a single leg jump","volume":"23","author":"Caulfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/74.1.17","article-title":"Local sensation changes and altered hip muscle function following severe ankle sprain","volume":"74","author":"Bullock-Saxton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021069","article-title":"The influence of ankle sprain injury on muscle activation during hip extension","volume":"15","author":"Bullock-Saxton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5812\/asjsm.34515","article-title":"The eccentric torque production capacity of the ankle, knee, and hip muscle groups in patients with unilateral chronic ankle instability","volume":"4","author":"Negahban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2012.02.002","article-title":"A comparison of electromyography of gluteus medius and maximus in subjects with and without chronic ankle instability during two functional exercises","volume":"14","author":"Webster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.07.001","article-title":"Variability of motion in individuals with mechanical or functional ankle instability during a stop jump maneuver","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon)"},{"key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-76","article-title":"Spatiotemporal postural control deficits are present in those with chronic ankle instability","volume":"9","author":"McKeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2006.2244","article-title":"Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players","volume":"36","author":"Plisky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.0303","article-title":"Selection criteria for patients with chronic ankle instability in controlled research: a position statement of the International Ankle Consortium","volume":"43","author":"Gribble","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b28","first-page":"361","article-title":"Correlations among multiple measures of functional and mechanical instability in subjects with chronic ankle instability","volume":"42","author":"Hubbard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2012.0755","article-title":"Development of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI)","volume":"33","author":"Simon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-43.2.179","article-title":"Validity of the foot and ankle ability measure in athletes with chronic ankle instability","volume":"43","author":"Carcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-44.4.350","article-title":"Alterations in knee kinematics and dynamic stability associated with chronic ankle instability","volume":"44","author":"Gribble","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31817e0f92","article-title":"Balance training improves function and postural control in those with chronic ankle instability","volume":"40","author":"McKeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.4.03","article-title":"A comparison between performance on selected directions of the star excursion balance test and the Y balance test","volume":"47","author":"Coughlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411204580100_i1062-6050-50-4-358-b34","first-page":"92","article-title":"The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the Star Excursion Balance Test","volume":"4","author":"Plisky","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Am J Sports Phys Ther"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/50\/4\/358\/1616457\/1062-6050-49_3_74.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/50\/4\/358\/1616457\/1062-6050-49_3_74.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T14:52:44Z","timestamp":1749653564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/50\/4\/article-p358.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.74","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]}}}