{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:54:40Z","timestamp":1778856880786,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During team athletic events, athletic trainers commonly provide fluids with water bottles. When a limited number of water bottles exist, various techniques are used to deliver fluids.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine whether fluid delivered via water-bottle administration influenced fluid consumption and hydration status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Outdoor field (22.2\u00b0C \u00b1 3.5\u00b0C).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nineteen participants (14 men, 5 women, age = 30 \u00b1 10 years, height = 176 \u00b1 8 cm, mass = 72.5 \u00b1 10 kg) were recruited from the university and local running clubs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The independent variable was fluid delivery with 3 levels: self-administration with mouth-to-bottle direct contact (SA-DC), self-administration with no contact between mouth and bottle (SA-NC), and external administration with no contact between the mouth and the bottle (EA-NC). Participants warmed up for 10 minutes before completing 5 exercise stations, after which an ad libitum fluid break was given, for a total of 6 breaks.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We measured the fluid variables of total volume consumed, total number of squirts, and average volume per squirt. Hydration status via urine osmolality and body-mass loss, and perceptual variables for thirst and fullness were recorded. We calculated repeated-measures analyses of variance to assess hydration status, fluid variables, and perceptual measures to analyze conditions across time.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The total volume consumed for EA-NC was lower than for SA-DC (P = .001) and SA-NC (P = .001). The total number of squirts for SA-DC was lower than for SA-NC (P = .009). The average volume per squirt for EA-NC was lower than for SA-DC (P = .020) and SA-NC (P = .009). Participants arrived (601.0 \u00b1 21.3 mOsm\/L) and remained (622.3 \u00b1 38.3 mOsm\/L) hydrated, with no difference between conditions (P = .544); however, the EA-NC condition lost more body mass than did the SA-DC condition (P = .001). There was no main effect for condition on thirst (P = .147) or fullness (P = .475).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>External administration of fluid decreased total volume consumed via a decreased average volume per squirt. The SA-DC method requires fewer squirts within a specific time frame. Fluid breaks every 15 minutes resulted in maintenance of euhydration; however, loss of body mass was influenced by fluid administration. Athletic trainers should avoid external administration to promote positive hydration behaviors. When fluid is self-administered, individual bottles may be the best clinical practice because more volume can be consumed per squirt.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.76","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]],"date-time":"2014-11-12T23:05:07Z","timestamp":1415833507000},"page":"51-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ad Libitum Fluid Consumption via Self- or External Administration"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Susan W.","family":"Yeargin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, Columbia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Finn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard University, Cambridge, MA;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lindsey E.","family":"Eberman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Nursing, Health, and Human Services, Indiana State University, Terre Haute;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Gage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Professions Department, School of Health Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendon P.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Athletic Training Education Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Niemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry County Health Center and Iowa Wesleyan College, Mount Pleasant"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411215507900_i1062-6050-50-1-51-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31802fa199","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand: exertional heat illness during training and competition","volume":"39","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411215507900_i1062-6050-50-1-51-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31802ca597","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand: exercise and fluid replacement","volume":"39","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411215507900_i1062-6050-50-1-51-b03","first-page":"212","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: fluid replacement for athletes","volume":"35","author":"Casa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411215507900_i1062-6050-50-1-51-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(89)90085-1","article-title":"Effects of water temperature and flavoring on voluntary dehydration in men","volume":"45","author":"Szlyk","year":"1989","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2020060411215507900_i1062-6050-50-1-51-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsay\n              DJ, \n            \n              Booth\n              D. \n          \n          Thirst: Physiological and Psychological Aspects. 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