{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T14:15:05Z","timestamp":1793974505432,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proprioception is essential to motor control and joint stability during daily and sport activities. Recent studies demonstrated that athletes have better joint position sense (JPS) when compared with controls matched for age, suggesting that physical training could have an effect on proprioception.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the result of an 8-week strength-training program on shoulder JPS and to verify whether using training intensities that are the same or divergent for the shoulder's dynamic-stabilizer muscles promote different effects on JPS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomized controlled clinical trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated JPS in a research laboratory and conducted training in a gymnasium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 90 men, right handed and asymptomatic, with no history of any type of injury or shoulder instability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title><jats:p>For 8 weeks, the participants performed the strength-training program 3 sessions per week. We used 4 exercises (bench press, lat pull down, shoulder press, and seated row), with 2 sets each.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured shoulder JPS acuity by calculating the absolute error.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found an interaction between group and time. To examine the interaction, we conducted two 1-way analyses of variance comparing groups at each time. The groups did not differ at pretraining; however, a difference among groups was noted posttraining.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Strength training using exercises at the same intensity produced an improvement in JPS compared with exercises of varying intensity, suggesting that the former resulted in improvements in the sensitivity of muscle spindles and, hence, better neuromuscular control in the shoulder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.84","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,16]],"date-time":"2015-01-16T19:16:17Z","timestamp":1421435777000},"page":"277-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Strength Training and Shoulder Proprioception"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 In\u00e1cio","family":"Salles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Velasques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Cossich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Nicoliche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Vinicius","family":"Amaral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geraldo","family":"Motta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)32017-4","article-title":"Functional rehabilitation for the upper and lower extremity","volume":"26","author":"Lephart","year":"1995","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110236","article-title":"Shoulder position sense during passive matching and active positioning tasks in individuals with anterior shoulder instability","volume":"92","author":"Hung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2002.127303","article-title":"The effects of shoulder plyometric training on proprioception and selected muscle performance characteristics","volume":"11","author":"Swanik","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b04","first-page":"351","article-title":"The role of the sensorimotor system in the athletic shoulder","volume":"35","author":"Myers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199609000-00002","article-title":"Observations of the function of the shoulder joint, 1944","volume":"330","author":"Inman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b06","first-page":"70","article-title":"Peak and end range eccentric\/concentric invertor muscle strength ratios in chronically unstable ankles: comparison with healthy individuals","volume":"2","author":"Yildiz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2006.04.002","article-title":"Sensorimotor contribution to shoulder stability: effect of injury and rehabilitation","volume":"11","author":"Myers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2009.06.022","article-title":"ISAKOS Upper Extremity Committee. Consensus statement on shoulder instability","volume":"26","author":"Bak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.005","article-title":"Electrophysiological analysis of the perception of passive movement","volume":"501","author":"Salles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b10","first-page":"71","article-title":"The sensorimotor system, part I: the physiologic basis of functional joint stability","volume":"37","author":"Riemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b11","first-page":"80","article-title":"The sensorimotor system, part II: the role of proprioception in motor control and functional joint stability","volume":"37","author":"Riemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b12","first-page":"304","article-title":"Reliability of joint position sense and force-reproduction measures during internal and external rotation of the shoulder","volume":"38","author":"Dover","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1288-x","article-title":"Lower limb force production and bilateral force asymmetries are based on sense of effort","volume":"187","author":"Simon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2011.084558.6","article-title":"Study of proprioceptive function in professional volleyball athletes with atrophy of the infraspinatus","volume":"45","author":"Salles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1995.21.4.220","article-title":"Shoulder kinesthesia in healthy unilateral athletes participating in upper extremity sports","volume":"21","author":"Allegrucci","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2001.118004","article-title":"Shoulder proprioception in baseball pitchers","volume":"10","author":"Safran","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2009.10.001","article-title":"Evaluation of shoulder joint position sense in both asymptomatic and rehabilitated professional rugby players and matched controls","volume":"11","author":"Herrington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys Ther Sport"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-2011-0291","article-title":"The effectiveness of scapular stabilization exercise in the patients with subacromial impingement syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Ba\u015fkurt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000167682.58210.a7","article-title":"Efficacy of isokinetic exercise on joint position sense and muscle strength in patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Hazneci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b20","first-page":"315","article-title":"Open and closed kinetic chain exercises improve shoulder joint reposition sense equally in healthy subjects","volume":"33","author":"Rogol","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand: progression models in resistance training for healthy adults","volume":"41","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181b88d37","article-title":"Neruomuscular training for sports injury prevention: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"H\u00fcbscher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.21865","article-title":"Variation in shoulder position sense at mid and extreme range of motion","volume":"82","author":"Janwantanakul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00049.2011","article-title":"The function of neuromuscular compartments in human shoulder muscles","volume":"107","author":"Wickham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b26","first-page":"394","article-title":"Factors contributing to chronic ankle instability: a strength perspective","volume":"37","author":"Kaminski","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110236","article-title":"Shoulder position sense during passive matching and active positioning tasks in individuals with anterior shoulder instability","volume":"92","author":"Hung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411291685700_i1062-6050-50-3-277-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260021701","article-title":"The effects of muscle fatigue on shoulder joint position sense","volume":"26","author":"Carpenter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/50\/3\/277\/1616327\/1062-6050-49_3_84.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/50\/3\/277\/1616327\/1062-6050-49_3_84.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T18:49:20Z","timestamp":1749667760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/50\/3\/article-p277.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.84","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]}}}