{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T04:14:03Z","timestamp":1749701643094,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>The shoulder joint and girdle are highly loaded during field hockey play. To optimize performance and to better substantiate preventive programs, it is important to gain insight into shoulder-girdle muscle function and balance in this athlete population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate relative scapular muscle-activity ratios through surface electromyography during maximal isokinetic strength testing in elite male field hockey players compared with nonathletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Institutional laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-five elite field hockey players from the Belgian National Team and 25 age- and sex-matched nonathletes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured bilateral activity in 4 scapular muscles (upper trapezius [UT], middle trapezius [MT], lower trapezius [LT], and serratus anterior [SA]) during an external-internal rotation and protraction-retraction isokinetic shoulder protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relative scapular muscle-activity ratios, or balance ratios, of the UT\u200a:\u200aMT, UT\u200a:\u200aLT, UT\u200a:\u200aSA, SA\u200a:\u200aMT, and SA\u200a:\u200aLT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We noted lower ratios bilaterally in the athlete group compared with the control group for the UT\u200a:\u200aMT, UT\u200a:\u200aLT, and SA\u200a:\u200aMT ratios during protraction, retraction, and external rotation, respectively, and unilaterally (dominant side only) for the UT\u200a:\u200aLT ratio during protraction. No consistent trend was present for established side differences in the studied balance ratios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with nonathletes, elite field hockey players had altered intramuscular (within the trapezius) and intermuscular (between the trapezius and SA) balance ratios during maximal shoulder-girdle contractions, with relatively more MT and LT activity. This may reflect a sport-specific adaptation to optimize coordinated activity of the scapulothoracic muscles, meeting the specific demands of field hockey movements and simultaneously better protecting the shoulder against injury. Our results can assist in optimizing high-performance training and in supporting injury-prevention programs, which are key to both successful and long-lasting athletic careers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-499-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T20:22:42Z","timestamp":1580156562000},"page":"274-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relative Scapular-Muscle Ratios During Maximal Isokinetic Shoulder-Girdle Strength Performance in Elite Field Hockey Players"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Fran","family":"Vanderstukken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorien","family":"Borms","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Berckmans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentien","family":"Spanhove","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Cools","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b01","first-page":"71","article-title":"Injury profile of elite under-21 age female field hockey players","volume":"49","author":"Rishiraj","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2018.1507238","article-title":"Elite male field hockey players have symmetric isokinetic glenohumeral strength profiles, but show asymmetry in scapular muscle strength","volume":"37","author":"Vanderstukken","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31823f8d24","article-title":"Scapular muscle activity from selected strengthening exercises performed at low and high intensities","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2010.07.004","article-title":"How should we normalize electromyograms obtained from healthy participants? What we have learned from over 25 years of research","volume":"20","author":"Burden","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/1050-6411(94)90026-4","article-title":"A study of various normalization procedures for within day electromyographic data","volume":"4","author":"Knutson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.04.010","article-title":"Relative scapular muscle activity ratios are altered in subacromial pain syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Michener","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512453297","article-title":"Scapular muscle rehabilitation exercises in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms: effect of a 6-week training program on muscle recruitment and functional outcome","volume":"40","author":"De Mey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.10","article-title":"Scapular muscle-activation ratios in patients with shoulder injuries during functional shoulder exercises","volume":"49","author":"Moeller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2017.05.009","article-title":"Rotator cuff tendinopathy alters the muscle activity onset and kinematics of scapula","volume":"35","author":"Leong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2006.00570.x","article-title":"Trapezius activity and intramuscular balance during isokinetic exercise in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms","volume":"17","author":"Cools","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b11","first-page":"104","article-title":"Isokinetic scapular muscle performance in overhead athletes with and without impingement symptoms","volume":"40","author":"Cools","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.3089","article-title":"Trapezius muscle timing during selected shoulder rehabilitation exercises","volume":"39","author":"De Mey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507303560","article-title":"Rehabilitation of scapular muscle balance: which exercises to prescribe?","volume":"35","author":"Cools","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2016.03.007","article-title":"Scapulothoracic muscle activity during elevation exercises measured with surface and fine wire EMG: a comparative study between patients with subacromial impingement syndrome and healthy controls","volume":"23","author":"Castelein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2010.08.004","article-title":"Shoulder impingement: biomechanical considerations in rehabilitation","volume":"16","author":"Ludewig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060414094375500_i1062-6050-55-3-274-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.004952","article-title":"Evaluation of isokinetic force production and associated muscle activity in the scapular rotators during a protraction-retraction movement in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms","volume":"38","author":"Cools","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/55\/3\/274\/2469310\/1062-6050-499-18.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/55\/3\/274\/2469310\/1062-6050-499-18.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T18:50:14Z","timestamp":1749667814000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/55\/3\/article-p274.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-499-18","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1062-6050"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]}}}