{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T09:12:19Z","timestamp":1762161139576,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Concussion management has become an area of great concern in athletics, and neurocognitive tests, such as Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT), are commonly used as management tools. Given the restrictive nature of current management plans, anecdotal concerns have been raised about athletes trying to cheat the assessments and return to participation sooner. Stimulants have been shown to improve neurocognitive measures similar to those used in ImPACT. Therefore, they could possibly improve performance during baseline and postinjury testing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine the effects of a supplement containing stimulants on ImPACT performance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Research laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 5 men (age = 20.6 \u00b1 1.5 years, height = 176.3 \u00b1 9.6 cm, mass = 76.9 \u00b1 18.6 kg) and 7 women (age = 20.6 \u00b1 1.1 years, height = 162.9 \u00b1 7.8 cm, mass = 60.9 \u00b1 8.2 kg) with no histories of physician-diagnosed head injury, learning disability, or attention-deficit disorder.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Intervention(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were assessed under supplement (5.5 g of Jacked 3D, which contains caffeine and 1,3-dimethylamylamine), placebo, and control conditions separated by 1 week.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>I compared ImPACT composite scores for verbal and visual memory, visual motor speed, reaction time, impulse control, and a cognitive-efficiency index under each of the 3 conditions and assessed them 30 minutes after ingestion.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>I observed a difference when comparing reaction times, as the participants reacted faster during the supplement condition (0.53 \u00b1 0.03 seconds) than during the placebo (0.55 \u00b1 0.03 seconds) and control (0.55 \u00b1 0.03 seconds) conditions (F2,22 = 4.31, P = .03). A difference also was observed for the cognitive-efficiency index, as participants scored higher during the supplement condition (0.49 \u00b1 0.09) than during the placebo (0.41 \u00b1 0.10) and control (0.41 \u00b1 0.12) conditions (F2,22 = 4.07, P = .03).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stimulant ingestion 30 minutes before testing resulted in improved memory, visual processing speed, and reaction time. However, the improvements were relatively nominal, and the question of clinical importance remains. Thus, it is unclear if stimulant ingestion would affect the return-to-participation progression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.1.07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]],"date-time":"2015-03-20T17:13:41Z","timestamp":1426871621000},"page":"453-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Acute Stimulant Ingestion and Neurocognitive Performance in Healthy Participants"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Powers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.1.07","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: management of sport concussion","volume":"49","author":"Broglio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.10.271","article-title":"Qualitative study of barriers to concussive symptom reporting in high school athletics","volume":"52","author":"Chrisman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.3.20","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and concussion-reporting behaviors among high school athletes: a preliminary study","volume":"48","author":"Register-Mihalik","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0b013e3182a1ba22","article-title":"Sports-related concussion: anonymous survey of a collegiate cohort","volume":"3","author":"Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1115","article-title":"Effects of caffeine and glucose, alone and combined, on cognitive performance","volume":"25","author":"Adan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.08.023","article-title":"Caffeine effects on ERPs and performance in an auditory Go\/NoGo task","volume":"118","author":"Barry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-2104-3","article-title":"Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine","volume":"179","author":"Haskell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.17.4.460.27934","article-title":"Interpreting change on ImPACT following sport concussion","volume":"17","author":"Iverson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2010.516072","article-title":"Examination of the construct validity of ImPACT computerized test, traditional, and experimental neuropsychological measures","volume":"24","author":"Maerlender","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512466038","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of the online version of ImPACT in high school and collegiate athletes","volume":"41","author":"Schatz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31828b67cf","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012","volume":"23","author":"McCrory","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e31819d6edb","article-title":"Neurocognitive and symptom predictors of recovery in high school athletes","volume":"19","author":"Lau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546506288677","article-title":"The \u201cvalue added\u201d of neurocognitive testing after sports-related concussion","volume":"34","author":"Van Kampen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/jcr.2011.0019","article-title":"Effect of caffeine and 1,3-dimethylamylamine on exercise performance and blood markers of lipolysis and oxidative stress in trained men and women","volume":"1","author":"Bloomer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Caffeine Res"},{"key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b15","first-page":"13","article-title":"Biochemical and anthropometric effects of a weight loss dietary supplement in healthy men and women","volume":"5","author":"McCarthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Insights"},{"key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b16","first-page":"23","article-title":"A finished dietary supplement stimulates lipolysis and metabolic rate in young men and women","volume":"5","author":"McCarthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Insights"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.073155","article-title":"Cognition in the days following concussion: comparison of symptomatic versus asymptomatic athletes","volume":"77","author":"Collie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b18","first-page":"280","article-title":"Monitoring resolution of postconcussion symptoms in athletes: preliminary results of a web-based neuropsychological test protocol","volume":"36","author":"Erlanger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b19","first-page":"504","article-title":"Neurocognitive performance of concussed athletes when symptom free","volume":"42","author":"Broglio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2007-22307","article-title":"The relation between post-concussion symptoms and neurocognitive performance in concussed athletes","volume":"22","author":"Fazio","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509349491","article-title":"Natural history of concussion in sport: markers of severity and implications for management","volume":"38","author":"Makdissi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.3.524","article-title":"Persistent prolongation of simple reaction time in sports concussion","volume":"57","author":"Warden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-48.1.16","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: evaluation of dietary supplements for performance nutrition","volume":"48","author":"Buell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2005000700011","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on the electrophysiological, cognitive and motor responses of the central nervous system","volume":"38","author":"Deslandes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.218","article-title":"Habitual caffeine consumption and its relation to memory, attention, planning capacity and psychomotor performance across multiple age groups","volume":"15","author":"Hameleers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050411","article-title":"The neuropsychological impact of sports-related concussion: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Belanger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b27","first-page":"167","article-title":"Repeated measures of cognitive processing efficiency in adolescent athletes: implications for monitoring recovery from concussion","volume":"12","author":"Daniel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurospsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"issue":"19","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2549","article-title":"Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA concussion study","volume":"290","author":"Guskiewicz","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.190","article-title":"Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes","volume":"142","author":"Field","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200107000-00004","article-title":"Does second impact syndrome exist?","volume":"11","author":"McCrory","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin J Sports Med"},{"key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hemodynamic and hematologic profile of healthy adults ingesting dietary supplements containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine","volume":"5","author":"Farney","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Insights"},{"issue":"23","key":"2020060411342582100_i1062-6050-50-5-453-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000046228.97025.3A","article-title":"Coffee acutely increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure independently of caffeine content: role of habitual versus nonhabitual drinking","volume":"106","author":"Corti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/50\/5\/453\/1616721\/1062-6050-50_1_07.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/50\/5\/453\/1616721\/1062-6050-50_1_07.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T18:49:25Z","timestamp":1749667765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/50\/5\/article-p453.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-50.1.07","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1062-6050"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]]}}}