{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:54:43Z","timestamp":1792511683452,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The heating characteristics of a stationary device delivering sustained acoustic medicine with low-intensity therapeutic ultrasound (LITUS) are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To measure intramuscular (IM) heating produced by a LITUS device developed for long-duration treatment of musculoskeletal injuries.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Controlled laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>University research laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 26 healthy volunteers (16 men, 10 women; age = 23.0 \u00b1 2.1 years, height = 1.74 \u00b1 0.09 m, mass = 73.48 \u00b1 14.65 kg).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Intervention(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were assigned randomly to receive active (n = 20) or placebo (n = 6) LITUS at a frequency of 3 MHz and an energy intensity of 0.132 W\/cm2 continuously for 3 hours with a single transducer or dual transducers on the triceps surae muscle. We measured IM temperature using thermocouples inserted at 1.5- and 3-cm depths into muscle. Temperatures were recorded throughout treatment and 30 minutes posttreatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used 2-sample t tests to determine the heating curve of the LITUS treatment and differences in final temperatures between depth and number of transducers.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A mild IM temperature increase of 1\u00b0C was reached 10 \u00b1 5 minutes into the treatment, and a more vigorous temperature increase of 4\u00b0C was reached 80 \u00b1 10 minutes into the treatment. The maximal steady-state IM temperatures produced during the final 60 minutes of treatment at the 1.5-cm depth were 4.42\u00b0C \u00b1 0.08\u00b0C and 3.92\u00b0C \u00b1 0.06\u00b0C using 1 and 2 transducers, respectively. At the 3.0-cm depth, the maximal steady-state IM temperatures during the final 60 minutes of treatment were 3.05\u00b0C \u00b1 0.09\u00b0C and 3.17\u00b0C \u00b1 0.05\u00b0C using 1 and 2 transducers, respectively. We observed a difference between the temperatures measured at each depth (t78 = \u22122.45, P = .02), but the number of transducers used to generate heating was not different (t78 = 1.79, P = .08).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The LITUS device elicited tissue heating equivalent to traditional ultrasound but could be sustained for multiple hours. It is a safe and effective alternative tool for delivering therapeutic ultrasound and exploring dosimetry for desired physiologic responses.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.11.03","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T19:03:10Z","timestamp":1474311790000},"page":"1158-1164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Intramuscular Heating Characteristics of Multihour Low-Intensity Therapeutic Ultrasound"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Justin H.","family":"Rigby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Performance and Health Promotions, Weber State University, Ogden, UT;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Taggart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Health Products Research Lab, Trumbull, CT;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly L.","family":"Stratton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Health Products Research Lab, Trumbull, CT;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"George K.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Health Products Research Lab, Trumbull, CT;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David O.","family":"Draper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. Dr Rigby is now with the Department of Athletic Training and Nutrition, Weber State University."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20995","article-title":"Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) increases the articular cartilage type II collagen in a rat osteoarthritis model","volume":"28","author":"Naito","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/4024","article-title":"Induction of adhesion-dependent signals using low-intensity ultrasound","author":"Roper","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.07.008","article-title":"Vascularization of three-dimensional collagen hydrogels using ultrasound standing wave fields","volume":"37","author":"Garvin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b04","first-page":"293","article-title":"Nonthermal effects of therapeutic ultrasound: the frequency resonance hypothesis","volume":"37","author":"Johns","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4812875","article-title":"Low-frequency (&lt;100 kHz), low-intensity (&lt;100 mW\/cm[2]) ultrasound to treat venous ulcers: a human study and in vitro experiments","volume":"134","author":"Samuels","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003132.pub2","article-title":"Therapeutic ultrasound for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip","author":"Rutjes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3109\/09593980903423079","article-title":"Thermal ultrasound decreases tissue stiffness of trigger points in upper trapezius muscles","volume":"26","author":"Draper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-45.5.486","article-title":"Ultrasound and joint mobilizations for achieving normal wrist range of motion after injury or surgery: a case series","volume":"45","author":"Draper","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20020","article-title":"Pulsed ultrasound treatment accelerates the repair of Achilles tendon rupture in rats","volume":"24","author":"Yeung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3928\/19425864-20130213-01","article-title":"Ultrasound treatment temperature goals: temperature dependent versus time dependent","volume":"5","author":"Draper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Athl Train Sports Health Care"},{"key":"2020060411272495200_i1062-6050-50-11-1158-b11","unstructured":"Lehmann\n              JF.\n            \n          \n          Therapeutic Heat and Cold. 4th ed. 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