{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:55:12Z","timestamp":1792806912258,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common muscle pain that many people experience and is often used as a model of acute muscle pain. Researchers have reported the effects of various interventions on DOMS, but different DOMS assessment protocols used in these studies make it difficult to compare the effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate DOMS characteristics after elbow-flexor eccentric exercise to establish a standardized DOMS assessment protocol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten healthy, untrained men (21\u201339 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention(s):<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants performed 10 sets of 6 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Indirect muscle-damage markers were maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, range of motion, and serum creatine kinase activity. Muscle pain was assessed before exercise, immediately postexercise, and 1 to 5 days postexercise using (1) a visual analog scale (VAS), (2) a category ratio-10 scale (CR-10) when applying static pressure and palpation at different sites (3, 9, and 15 cm above the elbow crease), and (3) pressure-pain thresholds (PPTs) at 50 sites (pain mapping).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maximal voluntary isometric contraction and range of motion decreased and creatine kinase activity increased postexercise, indicating muscle damage. Palpation induced greater pain than static pressure, and longitudinal and transverse palpations induced greater pain than circular palpation (P &amp;lt; .05). The PPT was lower in the medial region before exercise, but the pain-sensitive regions shifted to the central and distal regions of the biceps brachii at 1 to 3 days postexercise (P &amp;lt; .05). The VAS was correlated with the CR-10 scale (r = 0.91, P &amp;lt; .05) but not with the PPT (r = \u22120.28, P = .45).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The way in which muscles are assessed affects the pain level score. This finding suggests that pain level and pain threshold cannot be used interchangeably and that the central and distal regions of the biceps brachii should be included in DOMS assessment using the VAS, CR-10 scale, and PPT after elbow-flexor eccentric exercise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.11.05","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T15:03:10Z","timestamp":1474297390000},"page":"1140-1148","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Assessment of Muscle Pain Induced by Elbow-Flexor Eccentric Exercise"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Wing Yin","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Blazevich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Newton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Western Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam Shi Xuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Nosaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198412000-00002","article-title":"Mechanisms of exercise-induced delayed onset muscular soreness: a brief review","volume":"16","author":"Armstrong","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333020-00005","article-title":"Delayed onset muscle soreness: treatment strategies and performance factors","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b03","first-page":"197","article-title":"Treatment and prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness","volume":"17","author":"Connolly","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Strength Cond Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b04","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181c29eab","article-title":"Pressure pain sensitivity mapping in experimentally induced lateral epicondylalgia","volume":"42","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3803-09.2010","article-title":"Bradykinin and nerve growth factor play pivotal roles in muscular mechanical hyperalgesia after exercise (delayed onset muscle soreness)","volume":"30","author":"Murase","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838060-00004","article-title":"The prevention and treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"38","author":"Howatson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"pt 3","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.056598","article-title":"Leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors and hormones in human skeletal muscle and blood after uphill or downhill running","volume":"556","author":"Malm","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"pt 1","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.128827","article-title":"Myofibre damage in human skeletal muscle: effects of electrical stimulation versus voluntary contraction","volume":"583","author":"Crameri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b09","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ac7afa","article-title":"Changes in calpain activity, muscle structure, and function after eccentric exercise","volume":"42","author":"Raastad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181ac7adb","article-title":"Time course of leukocyte accumulation in human muscle after eccentric exercise","volume":"42","author":"Paulsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2009.07.002","article-title":"Exercise-induced mechanical hypoalgesia in musculotendinous tissues of the lateral elbow","volume":"15","author":"Slater","year":"2010","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2701-0","article-title":"Pain sensitivity is normalized after a repeated bout of eccentric exercise","volume":"113","author":"Hosseninzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90076-0","article-title":"Muscle palpation with controlled finger pressure: new equipment for the study of tender myofascial tissues","volume":"59","author":"Bendtsen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.03.008","article-title":"Muscle damage is linked to cytokine changes following a 160-km race","volume":"19","author":"Nieman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2010.03.007","article-title":"Relationships between maximum holding time and ratings of pain and exertion differ for static and dynamic tasks","volume":"42","author":"Frey Law LA, Lee JE, McMullen TR, Xia T","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Ergon"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1021244","article-title":"Comparison between the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the category ratio scale (CR-10) for the evaluation of leg exertion","volume":"13","author":"Neely","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3109\/08990229409028875","article-title":"Thresholds for the perception of pressure, sharpness, and mechanically evoked cutaneous pain: effects of laterality and repeated testing","volume":"11","author":"Greenspan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.04.003","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of pressure pain threshold measurements of the upper limb and torso in young healthy women","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318154b6ae","article-title":"Interrater reliability of algometry in measuring pressure pain thresholds in healthy humans, using multiple raters","volume":"23","author":"Chesterton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/78.2.160","article-title":"Reliability of clinical pressure-pain algometric measurements obtained on consecutive days","volume":"78","author":"Nussbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.11.001","article-title":"Pressure pain threshold mapping of the trapezius muscle reveals heterogeneity in the distribution of muscular hyperalgesia after eccentric exercise","volume":"14","author":"Binderup","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3109\/10582452.2013.848967","article-title":"Visual analog scale and pressure pain threshold for delayed onset muscle soreness assessment","volume":"21","author":"Lau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Pain"},{"key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b23","first-page":"1P","article-title":"Measurement of severity and distribution of experimental muscle tenderness","volume":"317","author":"Edwards","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2001.00834.x","article-title":"Eccentric exercise-induced injuries to contractile and cytoskeletal muscle fibre components","volume":"171","author":"Frid\u00e9n","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815b0dcb","article-title":"Sensory and electromyographic mapping during delayed-onset muscle soreness","volume":"40","author":"Hedayatpour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220600856255","article-title":"Pressure pain sensitivity and hardness along human normal and sensitized muscle","volume":"23","author":"Andersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181c0a818","article-title":"Potent protective effect conferred by four bouts of low-intensity eccentric exercise","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3182063ac8","article-title":"Effect of vibration treatment on symptoms associated with eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage","volume":"90","author":"Lau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200101000-00005","article-title":"Effect of elbow joint angle on the magnitude of muscle damage to the elbow flexors","volume":"33","author":"Nosaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.038067","article-title":"Neutralisation of muscle tumour necrosis factor alpha does not attenuate exercise-induced muscle pain but does improve muscle strength in healthy male volunteers","volume":"42","author":"Rice","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b31","first-page":"72","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory responses to maximal versus submaximal lengthening contractions of the elbow flexors","volume":"12","author":"Peake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2008.03.009","article-title":"Massage reduces pain perception and hyperalgesia in experimental muscle pain: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Frey Law LA, Evan S, Knudtson J, Nus S, Scholl K, Sluka KA","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1648-7","article-title":"Comparison in eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage among four limb muscles","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90089-3","article-title":"Pressure algometry over normal muscles. Standard values, validity and reproducibility of pressure threshold","volume":"30","author":"Fischer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0466-y","article-title":"Delayed onset muscle soreness at tendon-bone junction and muscle tissue is associated with facilitated referred pain","volume":"174","author":"Gibson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"2020060411282254000_i1062-6050-50-11-1140-b36","unstructured":"Mense\n              S, \n            \n              Simons\n              DG, \n            \n              Russell\n              I.\n            \n          \n          Muscle Pain: Understanding Its Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2001:29."}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/50\/11\/1140\/1456155\/1062-6050-50_11_05.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/50\/11\/1140\/1456155\/1062-6050-50_11_05.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T14:49:28Z","timestamp":1749653368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/50\/11\/article-p1140.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-50.11.05","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]}}}