{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T07:00:46Z","timestamp":1793862046428,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \u2003To present best-practice recommendations for the prevention, recognition, and treatment of exertional heat illnesses (EHIs) and to describe the relevant physiology of thermoregulation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \u2003Certified athletic trainers recognize and treat athletes with EHIs, often in high-risk environments. Although the proper recognition and successful treatment strategies are well documented, EHIs continue to plague athletes, and exertional heat stroke remains one of the leading causes of sudden death during sport. The recommendations presented in this document provide athletic trainers and allied health providers with an integrated scientific and clinically applicable approach to the prevention, recognition, treatment of, and return-to-activity guidelines for EHIs. These recommendations are given so that proper recognition and treatment can be accomplished in order to maximize the safety and performance of athletes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Recommendations<\/jats:title>\n \u2003Athletic trainers and other allied health care professionals should use these recommendations to establish onsite emergency action plans for their venues and athletes. The primary goal of athlete safety is addressed through the appropriate prevention strategies, proper recognition tactics, and effective treatment plans for EHIs. Athletic trainers and other allied health care professionals must be properly educated and prepared to respond in an expedient manner to alleviate symptoms and minimize the morbidity and mortality associated with these illnesses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.9.07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T15:05:49Z","timestamp":1474297549000},"page":"986-1000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":563,"title":["National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Exertional Heat Illnesses"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Casa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, Storrs"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie K.","family":"DeMartini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Bergeron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Youth Sports of the Americas, Birmingham, AL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dave","family":"Csillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ewing High School, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Randy","family":"Eichner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Hampshire, Durham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael N.","family":"Sawka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan W.","family":"Yeargin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b01","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"329","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers' position statement: exertional heat illnesses","volume":"37","author":"Binkley\n HM,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Binkley\n HM, \n \n Beckett\n J, \n \n Casa\n DJ, \n \n Kleiner\n DM, \n \n Plummer\n PE.\n \n \n National Athletic Trainers' position statement: exertional heat illnesses. 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Clin J Sport Med. 2011;21(3):204\u2013210."},{"key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b52","series-title":"Preventing Sudden Death in Sport and Physical Activity","author":"Casa\n DJ.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casa\n DJ.\n \n \n Preventing Sudden Death in Sport and Physical Activity. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning;2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b53","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"176","article-title":"The influence of muscular lengthening on cramps","volume":"33","author":"Bertolasi\n L,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bertolasi\n L, \n \n De Grandis\n D, \n \n Bongiovanni\n L, \n \n Zanette\n G, \n \n Gasperini\n M.\n \n \n The influence of muscular lengthening on cramps. 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J Sport Rehabil. 2007;16(3):163\u2013181."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b67","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","first-page":"227","article-title":"Guidelines for return to duty (play) after heat illness: a military perspective","volume":"16","author":"O'Connor\n FG,","year":"2007","unstructured":"O'Connor\n FG, \n \n Williams\n AD, \n \n Blivin\n S, \n \n Heled\n Y, \n \n Deuster\n P, \n \n Flinn\n SD.\n \n \n Guidelines for return to duty (play) after heat illness: a military perspective. J Sport Rehabil. 2007;16(3):227\u2013237."},{"key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b68","series-title":"Assessment of heat tolerance for post exertional heat stroke individuals. Med Sci Monit","author":"Moran\n DS,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moran\n DS, \n \n Heled\n Y, \n \n Still\n L, \n \n Laor\n A, \n \n Shapiro\n Y.\n \n \n Assessment of heat tolerance for post exertional heat stroke individuals. 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J Athl Train. 2006;41(3):332\u2013336."},{"issue":"14","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b75","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"1132","article-title":"Increased running speed and pre-race muscle damage as risk factors for exercise-associated muscle cramps in a 56 km ultra-marathon: a prospective cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Schwellnus\n M,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schwellnus\n M, \n \n Allie\n S, \n \n Derman\n W, \n \n Collins\n M.\n \n \n Increased running speed and pre-race muscle damage as risk factors for exercise-associated muscle cramps in a 56 km ultra-marathon: a prospective cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(14):1132\u20131136."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b76","series-title":"J Neurophysiol","first-page":"1102","article-title":"Reflex inhibition of normal cramp following electrical stimulation of the muscle tendon","volume":"98","author":"Khan\n S,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khan\n S, \n \n Burne\n J.\n \n \n Reflex inhibition of normal cramp following electrical stimulation of the muscle tendon. J Neurophysiol. 2007;98(3):1102\u20131107."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b77","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"71","article-title":"Influence of hydration and electrolyte supplementation on incidence and time to onset of exercise-associated muscle cramps","volume":"40","author":"Jung\n A,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jung\n A, \n \n Bishop\n P, \n \n Al-Nawwas\n A, \n \n Dale\n R.\n \n \n Influence of hydration and electrolyte supplementation on incidence and time to onset of exercise-associated muscle cramps. J Athl Train. 2005;40(2):71\u201375."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b78","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"2056","article-title":"Three percent hypohydration does not affect the threshold frequency of electrically induced cramps","volume":"42","author":"Miller\n K,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller\n K, \n \n Mack\n G, \n \n Knight\n K, \n et al\n . Three percent hypohydration does not affect the threshold frequency of electrically induced cramps. 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J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(3):774\u2013783."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b81","series-title":"Biol Psychiatry","first-page":"422","article-title":"Severe decrements in cognition function and mood induced by sleep loss, heat, dehydration, and undernutrition during simulated combat","volume":"57","author":"Lieberman\n HR,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lieberman\n HR, \n \n Bathalon\n GP, \n \n Falco\n CM, \n \n Kramer\n FM, \n \n Morgan\n CA, \n \n Niro\n P.\n \n \n Severe decrements in cognition function and mood induced by sleep loss, heat, dehydration, and undernutrition during simulated combat. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(4):422\u2013429."},{"issue":"25","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b82","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1978","article-title":"Heat stroke","volume":"346","author":"Bouchama\n A,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bouchama\n A, \n \n Knochel\n JP.\n \n \n Heat stroke. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(25):1978\u20131988."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b83","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"478","article-title":"Environmental conditions and the occurrence of exertional heat illnesses and exertional heat stroke at the Falmouth Road Race","volume":"49","author":"DeMartini\n JK,","year":"2014","unstructured":"DeMartini\n JK, \n \n Casa\n DJ, \n \n Belval\n L, \n et al\n . Environmental conditions and the occurrence of exertional heat illnesses and exertional heat stroke at the Falmouth Road Race. J Athl Train. 2014;49(4):478\u2013485."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b84","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"226","article-title":"Determining a \u201cdo not start\u201d temperature for a marathon on the basis of adverse outcomes","volume":"42","author":"Roberts\n WO.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roberts\n WO.\n \n \n Determining a \u201cdo not start\u201d temperature for a marathon on the basis of adverse outcomes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(2):226\u2013232."},{"issue":"11","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b85","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"770","article-title":"International Olympic Committee consensus statement on thermoregulatory and altitude challenges for high-level athletes","volume":"46","author":"Bergeron\n MF,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bergeron\n MF, \n \n Bahr\n R, \n \n Bartsch\n P, \n et al\n . International Olympic Committee consensus statement on thermoregulatory and altitude challenges for high-level athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(11):770\u2013779."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b86","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"117","article-title":"The American football uniform: uncompensable heat stress and hyperthermic exhaustion","volume":"45","author":"Armstrong\n LE,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Armstrong\n LE, \n \n Johnson\n EC, \n \n Casa\n DJ, \n et al\n . 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Phys Sportsmed. 2002;30(7):29\u201339."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b88","series-title":"Athl Train Sports Health Care","first-page":"189","article-title":"Exertional heat stroke in the athletic setting: a review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Lopez\n RM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lopez\n RM, \n \n Casa\n DJ, \n \n McDermott\n BP, \n \n Stearns\n RL, \n \n Armstrong\n LE, \n \n Maresh\n CM.\n \n \n Exertional heat stroke in the athletic setting: a review of the literature. Athl Train Sports Health Care. 2011;3(4):189\u2013200."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b89","series-title":"Int J Biometeorol","first-page":"11","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of American football hyperthermia deaths in the United States","volume":"56","author":"Grundstein\n AJ,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grundstein\n AJ, \n \n Ramseyer\n C, \n \n Zhao\n F, \n et al\n . A retrospective analysis of American football hyperthermia deaths in the United States. Int J Biometeorol. 2012;56(1):11\u201320."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b90","series-title":"Occup Environ Med","first-page":"521","article-title":"Effects of partial sleep restriction and subsequent daytime napping on prolonged exertional heat strain","volume":"72","author":"Tokizawa\n K,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tokizawa\n K, \n \n Sawada\n S, \n \n Tai\n T, \n et al\n . Effects of partial sleep restriction and subsequent daytime napping on prolonged exertional heat strain. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(7):521\u2013528."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-50-9-986-b91","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"84","article-title":"The effects of continuous hot weather training on risk of exertional heat illness","volume":"37","author":"Wallace\n RF,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wallace\n RF, \n \n Kriebel\n D, \n \n Punnett\n L, \n et al\n . The effects of continuous hot weather training on risk of exertional heat illness. 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