{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:25:19Z","timestamp":1792193119650,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\u2003Several factors affect the reliability of the anterior drawer and talar tilt tests, including the individual clinician's experience and skill, ankle and knee positioning, and muscle guarding.Context:<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2003To compare gastrocnemius activity during the measurement of ankle-complex motion at different knee positions, and secondarily, to compare ankle-complex motion during a simulated trial of muscle guarding.Objectives:<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2003Cross-sectional study.Design:<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2003Research laboratory.Setting:<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2003Thirty-three participants aged 20.2 \u00b1 1.7 years were tested.Patients or Other Participants:<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2003The ankle was loaded under 2 test conditions (relaxed, simulated muscle guarding) at 2 knee positions (0\u00b0, 90\u00b0 of flexion) while gastrocnemius electromyography (EMG) activity was recorded.Intervention(s):<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2003Anterior displacement (mm), inversion-eversion motion (\u00b0), and peak EMG amplitude values of the gastrocnemius (\u03bcV).Main Outcome Measure(s):<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2003Anterior displacement did not differ between the positions of 0\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 of knee flexion (P = .193). Inversion-eversion motion was greater at 0\u00b0 of knee flexion compared with 90\u00b0 (P &amp;lt; .001). Additionally, peak EMG amplitude of the gastrocnemius was not different between 0\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 of knee flexion during anterior displacement (P = .101). As expected, the simulated muscle-guarding trial reduced anterior displacement compared with the relaxed condition (0\u00b0 of knee flexion, P = .008; 90\u00b0 of knee flexion, P = .016) and reduced inversion-eversion motion (0\u00b0 of knee flexion, P = .03; 90\u00b0 of knee flexion, P &amp;lt; .001).Results:<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\u2003In a relaxed state, the gastrocnemius muscle did not appear to affect anterior ankle laxity at the 2 most common knee positions for anterior drawer testing; however, talar tilt testing may be best performed with the knee in 0\u00b0 of knee flexion. Finally, our outcomes from the simulated muscle-guarding condition suggest that clinicians should use caution and be aware of reduced perceived laxity when performing these clinical examination techniques immediately postinjury.Conclusions:<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.3.06","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T13:47:58Z","timestamp":1474292878000},"page":"111-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Examining Ankle-Joint Laxity Using 2 Knee Positions and With Simulated Muscle Guarding"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Shawn","family":"Hanlon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaclyn","family":"Caccese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Delaware, Newark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher 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