{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T19:59:57Z","timestamp":1790539197111,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"The first step to identifying factors that increase the risk of recurrent ankle sprains is to identify impairments after a first sprain and compare performance with individuals who have never sustained a sprain. Few researchers have restricted recruitment to a homogeneous group of patients with first sprains, thereby introducing the potential for confounding.Context: <\/jats:p>\n To identify impairments that differ in participants with a recent index lateral ankle sprain versus participants with no history of ankle sprain.Objective: <\/jats:p>\n Cross-sectional study.Design: <\/jats:p>\n We recruited a sample of convenience from May 2010 to April 2013 that included 70 volunteers (age = 27.4 \u00b1 8.3 years, height = 168.7 \u00b1 9.5 cm, mass = 65.0 \u00b1 12.5 kg) serving as controls and 30 volunteers (age = 31.1 \u00b1 13.3 years, height = 168.3 \u00b1 9.1 cm, mass = 67.3 \u00b1 13.7 kg) with index ankle sprains.Patients or Other Participants: <\/jats:p>\n We collected demographic and physical performance variables, including ankle-joint range of motion, balance (time to balance after perturbation, Star Excursion Balance Test, foot lifts during single-legged stance, demi-pointe balance test), proprioception, motor planning, inversion-eversion peak power, and timed stair tests. Discriminant analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between explanatory variables and sprain status. Sequential discriminant analysis was performed to identify the most relevant variables that explained the greatest variance.Main Outcome Measure(s): <\/jats:p>\n The average time since the sprain was 3.5 \u00b1 1.5 months. The model, including all variables, correctly predicted a sprain status of 77% (n = 23) of the sprain group and 80% (n = 56) of the control group and explained 40% of the variance between groups (<\/jats:inline-formula> = 42.16, P<\/jats:italic> = .03). Backward stepwise discriminant analysis revealed associations between sprain status and only 2 tests: Star Excursion Balance Test in the anterior direction and foot lifts during single-legged stance (<\/jats:inline-formula> = 15.2, P<\/jats:italic> = .001). These 2 tests explained 15% of the between-groups variance and correctly predicted group membership of 63% (n = 19) of the sprain group and 69% (n = 48) of the control group.Results: <\/jats:p>\n Balance impairments were associated with a recent first ankle sprain, but proprioception, motor control, power, and function were not.Conclusions: <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.4.11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T17:47:32Z","timestamp":1474307252000},"page":"213-222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Using Balance Tests to Discriminate Between Participants With a Recent Index Lateral Ankle Sprain and Healthy Control Participants: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Pourkazemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Hiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Nightingale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Refshauge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"key":"i1062-6050-51-3-213-b01","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"160","article-title":"Benefits, risks, and costs of alternative approaches to the evaluation and treatment of severe ankle sprain","volume":"183","author":"Soboroff \n SH,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Soboroff \n SH, \n \n \n Pappius \n EM, \n \n \n Komaroff \n AL. \n \n \n Benefits, risks, and costs of alternative approaches to the evaluation and treatment of severe ankle sprain. 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J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1997;26(2):78\u201386."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-51-3-213-b13","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","first-page":"51","article-title":"Early influence of an ankle sprain on objective measures of ankle joint function: a prospective randomised study of ankle brace treatment","volume":"7","author":"Leanderson \n J,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leanderson \n J, \n \n \n Bergqvist \n M, \n \n \n Rolf \n C, \n \n \n Westblad \n P, \n \n \n Wigelius-Roovers \n S, \n \n \n Wredmark \n T. \n \n \n Early influence of an ankle sprain on objective measures of ankle joint function: a prospective randomised study of ankle brace treatment. 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Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(9):1235\u20131241."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-51-3-213-b20","series-title":"Foot Ankle Int","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Critical review of self-reported functional ankle instability measures","volume":"32","author":"Donahue \n M,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Donahue \n M, \n \n \n Simon \n J, \n \n \n Docherty \n CL. \n \n \n Critical review of self-reported functional ankle instability measures. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(12):1140\u20131146."},{"key":"i1062-6050-51-3-213-b21","series-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol","first-page":"63","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT) population of men","volume":"8","author":"Kurtze \n N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kurtze \n N, \n \n \n Rangul \n V, \n \n \n Hustvedt \n BE. \n \n \n Reliability and validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT) population of men. 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J Athl Train. 2012;47(3):339\u2013357."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-51-3-213-b28","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"269","article-title":"Balance and recovery from a perturbation are impaired in people with functional ankle instability","volume":"17","author":"Hiller \n CE,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hiller \n CE, \n \n \n Refshauge \n KM, \n \n \n Herbert \n RD, \n \n \n Kilbreath \n SL. \n \n \n Balance and recovery from a perturbation are impaired in people with functional ankle instability. Clin J Sport Med. 2007;17(4):269\u2013275."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-51-3-213-b29","series-title":"J Sport Rehabil","first-page":"104","article-title":"Intratester and intertester reliability during the Star Excursion Balance Tests","volume":"9","author":"Hertel \n J,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hertel \n J, \n \n \n Miller \n SJ, \n \n \n Denegar \n CR. \n \n \n Intratester and intertester reliability during the Star Excursion Balance Tests. J Sport Rehabil. 2000;9(2):104\u2013116."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-51-3-213-b30","series-title":"Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci","first-page":"89","article-title":"Considerations for normalizing measures of the Star Excursion Balance Test","volume":"7","author":"Gribble \n PA,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gribble \n PA, \n \n \n Hertel \n J. \n \n \n Considerations for normalizing measures of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci. 2003;7(2):89\u2013100."},{"issue":"2","key":"i1062-6050-51-3-213-b31","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"371","article-title":"The effect of ankle taping on detection of inversion-eversion movements in participants with recurrent ankle sprain","volume":"37","author":"Refshauge \n KM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Refshauge \n KM, \n \n \n Raymond \n J, \n \n \n Kilbreath \n SL, \n \n \n Pengel \n L, \n \n \n Heijnen \n I. \n \n \n The effect of ankle taping on detection of inversion-eversion movements in participants with recurrent ankle sprain. 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