{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:28:28Z","timestamp":1787030908154,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"\n Context:\u2003<\/jats:bold>\n Although inactivity, being overweight, smoking, and a history of injury are identified as risk factors for poor health and injury, few authors have examined their association on physical performance. Young adults may be more likely to adopt healthier lifestyles if they understand the effect of health behaviors on performance.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Objective:\u2003<\/jats:bold>\n To determine the association of being overweight, smoking, inactivity, and a history of injury with physical performance.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Design:\u2003<\/jats:bold>\n Cross-sectional study.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Setting:\u2003<\/jats:bold>\n Military population.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Patients or Other Participants:\u2003<\/jats:bold>\n Active-duty service members (N = 1466; 1380 men, 86 women; age = 24.7 \u00b1 5.0 years; body mass index = 26.7 \u00b1 3.4 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Main Outcome Measure(s):\u2003<\/jats:bold>\n Participants performed 8 measures (the triple-crossover hop for distance, the 6-m timed-hop test, the Functional Movement Screen, the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test, the Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test, and the 3-event Army Physical Fitness Test) for evaluation of endurance, strength, muscular endurance, power, agility, balance, and motor control. Participants were categorized based on the number of health risk factors present. Using an analysis of covariance, we assessed the relationship between risk factors and physical performance with age and sex as covariates.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:\u2003<\/jats:bold>\n Compared with those who had no risk factors (27.9% of men, 34.9% of women), physical performance was worse in those who had 1, 2, or 3 to 4 risk factors present by 4.3%, 6.7%, and 10.3%, respectively. Decrements in performance for those with 3 to 4 risk factors ranged from 3.3% to 14.4%.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions:\u2003<\/jats:bold>\n An unhealthy lifestyle habit or a history of injury was negatively associated with physical performance. Physical performance decrements were associated with the number of risk factors present. Understanding how risk factors contribute to decreased physical performance may enable clinicians to improve compliance with injury-prevention programs in occupational settings in which a young and relatively healthy workforce may be more concerned about performance than health.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-51.6.02","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,3]],"date-time":"2016-10-03T11:05:21Z","timestamp":1475492721000},"page":"866-875","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Association of Physical Inactivity, Weight, Smoking, and Prior Injury on Physical Performance in a Military Setting"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Deydre S.","family":"Teyhen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defense Health Headquarters, US Army Medical Command, Falls Church, VA"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, US Army-Baylor University, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel I.","family":"Rhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, US Army-Baylor University, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Duke University, Durham, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott W.","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, US Army-Baylor University, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Goffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, US Army-Baylor University, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX"},{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, University of Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny J.","family":"McMillian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Boyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle B.","family":"Kiesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, University of Evansville, IN"},{"name":"ProRehab, PC, Evansville, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip J.","family":"Plisky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, University of Evansville, IN"},{"name":"ProRehab, PC, Evansville, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b01","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"1138","article-title":"Sedentary behavior: emerging evidence for a new health risk","volume":"85","author":"Owen \n N,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Owen \n N, \n \n \n Sparling \n PB, \n \n \n Healy \n GN, \n \n \n Dunstan \n DW, \n \n \n Matthews \n CE. \n \n \n Sedentary behavior: emerging evidence for a new health risk. 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Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization;2000."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b04","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"471","article-title":"Risk factors for noncontact ankle sprains in high school football players: the role of previous ankle sprains and body mass index","volume":"34","author":"Tyler \n TF,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tyler \n TF, \n \n \n McHugh \n MP, \n \n \n Mirabella \n MR, \n \n \n Mullaney \n MJ, \n \n \n Nicholas \n SJ. \n \n \n Risk factors for noncontact ankle sprains in high school football players: the role of previous ankle sprains and body mass index. 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Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6):946\u2013954."},{"key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b06","series-title":"Fairfax, VA: Defense Health Headquarters;","first-page":"1","article-title":"2011: Health Related Behaviors Survey of Active Duty Military Personnel","author":"Barlas \n F,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barlas \n F, \n \n \n Higgins \n W, \n \n \n Pflieger \n J, \n \n \n Diecker \n K. \n \n \n 2011: Health Related Behaviors Survey of Active Duty Military Personnel. Fairfax, VA: Defense Health Headquarters;2013:1\u201322."},{"issue":"14","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b07","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1315","article-title":"Adolescent BMI trajectory and risk of diabetes versus coronary disease","volume":"364","author":"Tirosh \n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tirosh \n A, \n \n \n Shai \n I, \n \n \n Afek \n A, \n \n et al. \n Adolescent BMI trajectory and risk of diabetes versus coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(14):1315\u20131325."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b08","series-title":"Am J Health Promot","first-page":"460","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and injuries among US adults","volume":"21","author":"Finkelstein \n EA,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Finkelstein \n EA, \n \n \n Chen \n H, \n \n \n Prabhu \n M, \n \n \n Trogdon \n JG, \n \n \n Corso \n PS. \n \n \n The relationship between obesity and injuries among US adults. Am J Health Promot. 2007;21(5):460\u2013468."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b09","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"641","article-title":"Discharges during US Army basic training: injury rates and risk factors","volume":"166","author":"Knapik \n JJ,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Knapik \n JJ, \n \n \n Canham-Chervak \n M, \n \n \n Hauret \n K, \n \n \n Hoedebecke \n E, \n \n \n Laurin \n MJ, \n \n \n Cuthie \n J. \n \n \n Discharges during US Army basic training: injury rates and risk factors. Mil Med. 2001;166(7):641\u2013647."},{"issue":"7","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b10","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1277","article-title":"Difficulties in functioning 1 year after injury: the role of preinjury sociodemographic and health characteristics, healthcare and injury-related factors","volume":"94","author":"Langley \n J,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Langley \n J, \n \n \n Davie \n G, \n \n \n Wilson \n S, \n \n et al. \n Difficulties in functioning 1 year after injury: the role of preinjury sociodemographic and health characteristics, healthcare and injury-related factors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(7):1277\u20131286."},{"issue":"23","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b11","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"2161","article-title":"Smoking cessation related to improved patient-reported pain scores following spinal care","volume":"94","author":"Behrend \n C,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Behrend \n C, \n \n \n Prasarn \n M, \n \n \n Coyne \n E, \n \n \n Horodyski \n M, \n \n \n Wright \n J, \n \n \n Rechtine \n GR. \n \n \n Smoking cessation related to improved patient-reported pain scores following spinal care. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(23):2161\u20132166."},{"key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b12","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","first-page":"165","article-title":"Lifestyle and metabolic factors in relation to shoulder pain and rotator cuff tendinitis: a population-based study","volume":"11","author":"Rechardt \n M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rechardt \n M, \n \n \n Shiri \n R, \n \n \n Karppinen \n J, \n \n \n Jula \n A, \n \n \n Heliovaara \n M, \n \n \n Viikari-Juntura \n E. \n \n \n Lifestyle and metabolic factors in relation to shoulder pain and rotator cuff tendinitis: a population-based study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11:165."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b13","series-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports","first-page":"691","article-title":"Risk factors for lower extremity injuries among male marathon runners","volume":"18","author":"Van Middelkoop \n M,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van Middelkoop \n M, \n \n \n Kolkman \n J, \n \n \n Van Ochten \n J, \n \n \n Bierma-Zeinstra \n SM, \n \n \n Koes \n BW. \n \n \n Risk factors for lower extremity injuries among male marathon runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(6):691\u2013697."},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b14","series-title":"Am J Prev Med","first-page":"96","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and exercise-related injuries among young men and women","volume":"18","author":"Altarac \n M,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Altarac \n M, \n \n \n Gardner \n JW, \n \n \n Popovich \n RM, \n \n \n Potter \n R, \n \n \n Knapik \n JJ, \n \n \n Jones \n BH. \n \n \n Cigarette smoking and exercise-related injuries among young men and women. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18(suppl 3):96\u2013102."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b15","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"9","article-title":"Individual risk factors associated with premature discharge from military service","volume":"174","author":"Larsson \n H,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Larsson \n H, \n \n \n Broman \n L, \n \n \n Harms-Ringdahl \n K. \n \n \n Individual risk factors associated with premature discharge from military service. Mil Med. 2009;174(1):9\u201320."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b16","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc","first-page":"838","article-title":"Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among sedentary and physically active adults","volume":"34","author":"Hootman \n JM,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hootman \n JM, \n \n \n Macera \n CA, \n \n \n Ainsworth \n BE, \n \n \n Addy \n CL, \n \n \n Martin \n M, \n \n \n Blair \n SN. \n \n \n Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among sedentary and physically active adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(5):838\u2013844."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b17","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"216","article-title":"Current concepts for injury prevention in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"41","author":"Hewett \n TE,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hewett \n TE, \n \n \n Di Stasi \n SL, \n \n \n Myer \n GD. \n \n \n Current concepts for injury prevention in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(1):216\u2013224."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b18","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"797","article-title":"Epidemiology of ankle sprain at the United States Military Academy","volume":"38","author":"Waterman \n BR,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Waterman \n BR, \n \n \n Belmont \n PJ\n Jr, \n \n \n Cameron \n KL, \n \n \n Deberardino \n TM, \n \n \n Owens \n BD. \n \n \n Epidemiology of ankle sprain at the United States Military Academy. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(4):797\u2013803."},{"issue":"44","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b19","series-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int","first-page":"737","article-title":"Physical fitness, weight, smoking, and exercise patterns in young adults","volume":"109","author":"Leyk \n D,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leyk \n D, \n \n \n Ruther \n T, \n \n \n Witzki \n A, \n \n et al. \n Physical fitness, weight, smoking, and exercise patterns in young adults. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2012;109(44):737\u2013745."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b20","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"339","article-title":"Injury incidence, risk factors and prevention in Australian rules football","volume":"43","author":"Hrysomallis \n C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hrysomallis \n C. \n \n \n Injury incidence, risk factors and prevention in Australian rules football. Sports Med. 2013;43(5):339\u2013354."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b21","series-title":"Med Sci Sports Exer","first-page":"403","article-title":"Body mass index as a predictor of percent fat in college athletes and nonathletes","volume":"39","author":"Ode \n J,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ode \n J, \n \n \n Pivarnik \n J, \n \n \n Reeves \n M. \n \n \n Body mass index as a predictor of percent fat in college athletes and nonathletes. Med Sci Sports Exer. 2007;39(3):403\u2013409."},{"key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b22","series-title":"Army Regulation FM 21-20: Physical Fitness Training","year":"2004","unstructured":"Army Regulation FM 21-20: Physical Fitness Training. US Army;2004."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b23","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"413","article-title":"Normative data and the influence of age and gender on power, balance, flexibility, and functional movement in healthy service members","volume":"179","author":"Teyhen \n DS,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Teyhen \n DS, \n \n \n Riebel \n MA, \n \n \n McArthur \n DR, \n \n et al. \n Normative data and the influence of age and gender on power, balance, flexibility, and functional movement in healthy service members. Mil Med. 2014;179(4):413\u2013420."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b24","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Prevention of injuries among male soccer players: a prospective, randomized intervention study targeting players with previous injuries or reduced function","volume":"36","author":"Engebretsen \n AH,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Engebretsen \n AH, \n \n \n Myklebust \n G, \n \n \n Holme \n I, \n \n \n Engebretsen \n L, \n \n \n Bahr \n R. \n \n \n Prevention of injuries among male soccer players: a prospective, randomized intervention study targeting players with previous injuries or reduced function. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(6):1052\u20131060."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b25","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"782","article-title":"Comprehensive soccer-specific warm-up and lower extremity injury in collegiate male soccer players","volume":"48","author":"Grooms \n DR,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grooms \n DR, \n \n \n Palmer \n T, \n \n \n Onate \n JA, \n \n \n Myer \n G, \n \n \n Grindstaff \n T. \n \n \n Comprehensive soccer-specific warm-up and lower extremity injury in collegiate male soccer players. 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Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(12):2224\u20132230."},{"issue":"12","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b27","series-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther","first-page":"911","article-title":"Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players","volume":"36","author":"Plisky \n PJ,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Plisky \n PJ, \n \n \n Rauh \n MJ, \n \n \n Kaminski \n TW, \n \n \n Underwood \n FB. \n \n \n Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(12):911\u2013919."},{"issue":"11\u201314","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b28","series-title":"Ergonomics","first-page":"1568","article-title":"Comparison of muscle strength and flexibility between the preferred and non-preferred leg in English soccer players","volume":"48","author":"Rahnama \n N,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rahnama \n N, \n \n \n Lees \n A, \n \n \n Bambaecichi \n E. \n \n \n Comparison of muscle strength and flexibility between the preferred and non-preferred leg in English soccer players. Ergonomics. 2005;48(11\u201314):1568\u20131575."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b29","series-title":"Mil Med","first-page":"230","article-title":"Health-related behaviors in young military smokers","volume":"169","author":"Lynch \n JP,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lynch \n JP, \n \n \n Hanson \n K, \n \n \n Kao \n TC. \n \n \n Health-related behaviors in young military smokers. Mil Med. 2004;169(3):230\u2013235."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1062-6050-51-11-866-b30","series-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","first-page":"87","article-title":"Recall bias in epidemiologic studies","volume":"43","author":"Coughlin \n SS.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Coughlin \n SS. \n \n \n Recall bias in epidemiologic studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43(1):87\u201391."}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/51\/11\/article-p866.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/51\/11\/866\/1457830\/1062-6050-51_6_02.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/51\/11\/article-p866.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/attr\/51\/11\/article-p866.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T20:44:32Z","timestamp":1749674672000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/51\/11\/article-p866.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/1062-6050-51.6.02","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}}}