{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:07:02Z","timestamp":1790395622194,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No evidence-based recommendation exists regarding how far clinicians should insert a rectal thermistor to obtain the most valid estimate of core temperature. Knowing the validity of temperatures at different rectal depths has implications for exertional heat-stroke (EHS) management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether rectal temperature (Trec) taken at 4 cm, 10 cm, or 15 cm from the anal sphincter provides the most valid estimate of core temperature (as determined by esophageal temperature [Teso]) during similar stressors an athlete with EHS may experience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventeen individuals (14 men, 3 women: age = 23 \u00b1 2 years, mass = 79.7 \u00b1 12.4 kg, height = 177.8 \u00b1 9.8 cm, body fat = 9.4% \u00b1 4.1%, body surface area = 1.97 \u00b1 0.19 m2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Intervention(s):\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rectal temperatures taken at 4 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm from the anal sphincter were compared with Teso during a 10-minute rest period; exercise until the participant's Teso reached 39.5\u00b0C; cold-water immersion (\u223c10\u00b0C) until all temperatures were \u226438\u00b0C; and a 30-minute postimmersion recovery period. The Teso and Trec were compared every minute during rest and recovery. Because exercise and cooling times varied, we compared temperatures at 10% intervals of total exercise and cooling durations for these periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s):\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Teso and Trec were used to calculate bias (ie, the difference in temperatures between sites).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rectal depth affected bias (F2,24 = 6.8, P = .008). Bias at 4 cm (0.85\u00b0C \u00b1 0.78\u00b0C) was higher than at 15 cm (0.65\u00b0C \u00b1 0.68\u00b0C, P &amp;lt; .05) but not higher than at 10 cm (0.75\u00b0C \u00b1 0.76\u00b0C, P &amp;gt; .05). Bias varied over time (F2,34 = 79.5, P &amp;lt; .001). Bias during rest (0.42\u00b0C \u00b1 0.27\u00b0C), exercise (0.23\u00b0C \u00b1 0.53\u00b0C), and recovery (0.65\u00b0C \u00b1 0.35\u00b0C) was less than during cooling (1.72\u00b0C \u00b1 0.65\u00b0C, P &amp;lt; .05). Bias during exercise was less than during postimmersion recovery (0.65\u00b0C \u00b1 0.35\u00b0C, P &amp;lt; .05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>When EHS is suspected, clinicians should insert the flexible rectal thermistor to 15 cm (6 in) because it is the most valid depth. The low level of bias during exercise suggests Trec is valid for diagnosing hyperthermia. Rectal temperature is a better indicator of pelvic organ temperature during cold-water immersion than is Teso.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.2.10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,16]],"date-time":"2017-02-16T16:33:37Z","timestamp":1487262817000},"page":"332-338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Validity of Core Temperature Measurements at 3 Rectal Depths During Rest, Exercise, Cold-Water Immersion, and Recovery"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Kevin C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lexie E.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blaine C.","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, Storrs"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Casa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut, Storrs"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","reference":[{"key":"2020060411320076600_i1062-6050-52-4-332-b01","first-page":"1","article-title":"Annual Survey of Football Injury Research: 1931\u20132011","author":"Mueller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chapel Hill, NC: National Center for Catastrophic Sport Injury Research;"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020060411320076600_i1062-6050-52-4-332-b02","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.9.07","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: exertional heat illnesses","volume":"50","author":"Casa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020060411320076600_i1062-6050-52-4-332-b03","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-47.1.96","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement: preventing sudden death in sports","volume":"47","author":"Casa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411320076600_i1062-6050-52-4-332-b04","first-page":"333","article-title":"Validity of devices that assess body temperature during outdoor exercise in the heat","volume":"42","author":"Casa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"issue":"14","key":"2020060411320076600_i1062-6050-52-4-332-b05","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200232140-00001","article-title":"Core temperature measurement: methods and current insights","volume":"32","author":"Moran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411320076600_i1062-6050-52-4-332-b06","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1619-5","article-title":"Temperature measurement in intensive care patients: comparison of urinary bladder, oesophageal, rectal, axillary, and inguinal methods versus pulmonary artery core method","volume":"29","author":"Lefrant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"188","key":"2020060411320076600_i1062-6050-52-4-332-b07","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.18004418815","article-title":"A comparison of temperatures measured in the rectum, oesophagus, and on the surface of the aorta during hypothermia in man","volume":"44","author":"Cooper","year":"1957","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020060411320076600_i1062-6050-52-4-332-b08","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31802fa199","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand: exertional heat illness during training and competition","volume":"39","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2020060411320076600_i1062-6050-52-4-332-b09","first-page":"160","article-title":"Risk management","author":"Prentice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Principles of Athletic Training: A Competency-Based Approach. 14th ed"},{"key":"2020060411320076600_i1062-6050-52-4-332-b10","unstructured":"Prentice \n              WE. \n            \n          \n          Environmental conditions. 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