{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T16:51:53Z","timestamp":1794243113441,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among sports-recovery methods, cold-water immersion (CWI), contrast-water therapy (CWT), and whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) have been applied widely to enhance recovery after strenuous exercise. However, the different timing effects in exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) after these recovery protocols remain unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the effects of CWI, CWT, and WBC on the timing-sequence recovery of EIMD through different indicator responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crossover study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve male middle- and long-distance runners from the Beijing Sport University (age = 21.00 \u00b1 0.95 years).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Intervention(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were treated with different recovery methods (control [CON], CWI, CWT, WBC) immediately postexercise and at 24, 48, and 72 hours postexercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured perceived sensation using a visual analog scale (VAS), plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) activity, and vertical-jump height (VJH) pre-exercise, immediately postexercise, and at 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours postexercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the VAS score and CK activity, WBC exhibited better timing-sequence recovery effects than CON and CWI (P &amp;lt; .05), but the CWT demonstrated better effects than CON (P &amp;lt; .05). The CRP activity was lower after WBC than after the other interventions (P &amp;lt; .05). The VJH was lower after WBC than after CON and CWI (P &amp;lt; .05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The WBC positively affected VAS, CK, CRP, and VJH associated with EIMD. The CWT and CWI also showed positive effects. However, for the activity and timing-sequence effect, CWT had weaker effects than WBC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-529-18","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]],"date-time":"2020-03-11T16:59:57Z","timestamp":1583945997000},"page":"329-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Cryotherapy Models and Timing-Sequence Recovery of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Middle- and Long-Distance Runners"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Chaoyi","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, China"},{"name":"Sport Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaozhao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, 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