{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:13:14Z","timestamp":1790115194900,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Context<\/jats:title><jats:p>Girls' high school volleyball is very popular across the United States. Prospective data are limited regarding the incidence and risk factors of time-loss (TL) and non\u2013time-loss (NTL) injuries sustained in this population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the incidence and describe the characteristics of injuries (TL and NTL) sustained in a girls' high school volleyball season.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Descriptive epidemiology study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Convenience sample of 78 high school interscholastic volleyball programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Female high school volleyball players participating during the 2018 interscholastic season.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title><jats:p>Injury rates, proportions, and rate ratios were measured for TL and NTL injuries with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 2072 girls enrolled in the study, and 468 participants (22.5%) sustained 549 injuries (TL = 71.6%, NTL = 28.4%) for an overall injury rate of 5.31 (95% CI = 4.89, 5.79) per 1000 athlete-exposures. The competition injury rate was greater than the practice injury rate for all injuries (injury rate ratio [IRR] = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.41) and TL injuries (IRR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.60). Players with a previous musculoskeletal injury had a higher rate of TL than NTL injuries (IRR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.65). Ankle injuries accounted for the greatest proportion of TL injuries (n = 110, 28%), while the greatest proportion of NTL injuries occurred in the hand or fingers (n = 34, 22%). Ligament sprains accounted for 40% of TL injuries (n = 156), whereas muscle or tendon strains (n = 79, 51%) accounted for more than half of all NTL injuries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although most injuries sustained by adolescent girls' volleyball athletes were TL in nature, nearly a third of all injuries were NTL injuries. Injury characteristics differed widely between TL and NTL injuries. Understanding the most common types and characteristics of injuries among high school volleyball players is critical for the development of effective injury-prevention programs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/182-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T03:21:06Z","timestamp":1604546466000},"page":"177-184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Incidence and Risk Factors for Injuries in Girls' High School Volleyball: A Study of 2072 Players"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Timothy A.","family":"McGuine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric G.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2020Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University Terre Haute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Biese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u2021Department of Kinesiology and Athletic Training, University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Kliethermes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00a7School of Education Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041117272964400_","unstructured":"High school sports participation increases for 29th consecutive year. National Federation of State High School Associations. Published 2018. Accessed September 4, 2018. https:\/\/www.nfhs.org\/articles\/high-school-sports-participation-increases-for-29th-consecutive-year\/"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGuine TA, Post EG, Hetzel SJ, Brooks MA, Trigsted S, Bell DR. A prospective study on the effect of sport specialization on lower extremity injury rates in high school athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(12):2706\u20132712. doi:10.1177\/0363546517710213","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546517710213"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post EG, Bell DR, Trigsted SM, et al. Association of competition volume, club sports, and sport specialization with sex and lower extremity injury history in high school athletes. Sports Health. 2017;9(6):518\u2013523. doi:10.1177\/1941738117714160","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117714160"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","unstructured":"Comstock RD, Pierpoint LA. National high school sports-related injury surveillance study 2018\u20132019 school year. Colorado School of Public Health. Accessed December 3, 2020. https:\/\/coloradosph.cuanschutz.edu\/docs\/librariesprovider204\/default-document-library\/2018-19.pdf?sfvrsn=d26400b9_2"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollard KA, Shields BJ, Smith GA. Pediatric volleyball-related injuries treated in US emergency departments, 1990\u20132009. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011;50(9):844\u2013852. doi:10.1177\/0009922811406262","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922811406262"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","unstructured":"Agel J, Palmieri-Smith RM, Dick R, Wojtys EM, Marshall SW. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women's volleyball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association injury surveillance system, 1988\u20131989 through 2003\u20132004. J Athl Train. 2007;42(2):295\u2013302."},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baugh CM, Weintraub GS, Gregory AJ, Djoko A, Dompier TP, Kerr ZY. Descriptive epidemiology of injuries sustained in National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's volleyball, 2013\u20132014 to 2014\u20132015. Sports Health. 2018;10(1):60\u201369. doi:10.1177\/1941738117733685","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117733685"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerr ZY, Gregory AJ, Wosmek J, et al. The first decade of web-based sports injury surveillance: descriptive epidemiology of injuries in US high school girls' volleyball (2005\u20132006 through 2013\u20132014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association women's volleyball (2004\u20132005 through 2013\u20132014). J Athl Train. 2018;53(10):926\u2013937. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-162-17","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-162-17"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reeser JC, Gregory A, Berg RL, Comstock RD. A comparison of women's collegiate and girls' high school volleyball injury data collected prospectively over a 4-year period. Sports Health. 2015;7(6):504\u2013510. doi:10.1177\/1941738115600143","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738115600143"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahr R, Bahr IA. Incidence of acute volleyball injuries: a prospective cohort study of injury mechanisms and risk factors. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7(3):166\u2013171. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00134.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00134.x"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bere T, Kruczynski J, Veintimilla N, Hamu Y, Bahr R. Injury risk is low among world-class volleyball players: 4-year data from the FIVB Injury Surveillance System. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(17):1132\u20131137. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094959","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094959"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massada M, Aido R, Magalhaes C, Puga N. Volleyball injuries: a survey of injuries of the Portuguese Female National Team. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(6):546\u2013547. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2011.084558.39","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2011.084558.39"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verhagen EA, van der Beek AJ, Bouter LM, Bahr RM, Van Mechelen W. A one season prospective cohort study of volleyball injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38(4):477\u2013481. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2003.005785","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.005785"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilic O, Maas M, Verhagen E, Zwerver J, Gouttebarge V. Incidence, aetiology and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries in volleyball: a systematic review of the literature. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;17(6):765\u2013793. doi:10.1080\/17461391.2017.1306114","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1306114"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks JH, Fuller CW. The influence of methodological issues on the results and conclusions from epidemiological studies of sports injuries: illustrative examples. Sports Med. 2006;36(6):459\u2013472. doi:10.2165\/00007256-200636060-00001","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636060-00001"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orchard J, Hoskins W. For debate: consensus injury definitions in team sports should focus on missed playing time. Clin J Sport Med. 2007;17(3):192\u2013196. doi:10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3180547527","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0b013e3180547527"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerr ZY, Lynall RC, Roos KG, Dalton SL, Djoko A, Dompier TP. Descriptive epidemiology of non\u2013time-loss injuries in collegiate and high school student-athletes. J Athl Train. 2017;52(5):446\u2013456. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-52.2.15","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.2.15"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","unstructured":"Powell JW, Dompier TP. Analysis of injury rates and treatment patterns for time-loss and non\u2013time-loss injuries among collegiate student-athletes. J Athl Train. 2004;39(1):56\u201370."},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frisch KE, Clark J, Hanson C, Fagerness C, Conway A, Hoogendoorn L. High prevalence of nontraumatic shoulder pain in a regional sample of female high school volleyball athletes. Orthop J Sport Med. 2017;5(6):2325967117712236. doi:10.1177\/2325967117712236","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967117712236"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eerkes K. Volleyball injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2012;11(5):251\u2013256. doi:10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3182699037","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3182699037"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahr R, Lian O, Bahr IA. A twofold reduction in the incidence of acute ankle sprains in volleyball after the introduction of an injury prevention program: a prospective cohort study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1997;7(3):172\u2013177. doi:10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00135.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00135.x"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verhagen EALM, van Tulder M, van der Beek AJ, Bouter LM, van Mechelen W. An economic evaluation of a proprioceptive balance board training programme for the prevention of ankle sprains in volleyball. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(2):111\u2013115. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2003.011031","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.011031"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedowitz DI, Reddy S, Parekh SG, Huffman GR, Sennett BJ. Prophylactic bracing decreases ankle injuries in collegiate female volleyball players. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36(2):324\u2013327. doi:10.1177\/0363546507308358","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546507308358"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGuine TA, Brooks A, Hetzel S. The effect of lace-up ankle braces on injury rates in high school basketball players. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(9):1840\u20131848. doi:10.1177\/0363546511406242","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511406242"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGuine TA, Hetzel S, Wilson J, Brooks A. The effect of lace-up ankle braces on injury rates in high school football players. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(1):49\u201357. doi:10.1177\/0363546511422332","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511422332"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppack RJ, Etherington J, Wills AK. The effects of exercise for the prevention of overuse anterior knee pain: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(5):940\u2013948. doi:10.1177\/0363546510393269","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510393269"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cumps E, Verhagen EA, Duerinck S, Devill\u00e9 A, Duchene L, Meeusen R. Effect of a preventive intervention programme on the prevalence of anterior knee pain in volleyball players. Eur J Sport Sci. 2008;8(4):183\u2013192. doi:10.1080\/17461390802067711","DOI":"10.1080\/17461390802067711"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reeser JC, Verhagen E, Briner WW, Askeland TI, Bahr R. Strategies for the prevention of volleyball related injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(7):594\u2013600; discussion 599\u2013600. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018234","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2005.018234"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dompier TP, Marshall SW, Kerr ZY, Hayden R. The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION): methods of the surveillance program, 2011\u20132012 through 2013\u20132014. J Athl Train. 2015;50(8):862\u2013869. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-50.5.04","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.5.04"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roos KG, Wasserman EB, Dalton SL, et al. Epidemiology of 3825 injuries sustained in six seasons of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's soccer (2009\/2010\u20132014\/2015). Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(13):1029\u20131034. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095718","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095718"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LaBella CR, Hennrikus W, Hewett TE ; Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, and Section on Orthopaedics. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Pediatrics. 2014;133(5):e1437\u2013e1450. doi:10.1542\/peds.2014-0623","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0623"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richmond SA, Nettel-Aguirre A, Doyle-Baker PK, Macpherson A, Emery CA. Examining measures of weight as risk factors for sport-related injury in adolescents. J Sport Med (Hindawi Publ Corp). 2016;2016:7316947. doi:10.1155\/2016\/7316947","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7316947"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saragiotto BT, Yamato TP, Hespanhol LC Junior , RainbowMJ,DavisIS,LopesAD. What are the main risk factors for running-related injuries? Sports Med . 2014;44(8):1153\u20131163. doi:10.1007\/s40279-014-0194-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0194-6"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenny SJ, Whittaker JL, Emery CA. Risk factors for musculoskeletal injury in preprofessional dancers: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(16):997\u20131003. doi:10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095121","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095121"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy DF, Connolly DA, Beynnon BD. Risk factors for lower extremity injury: a review of the literature. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(1):13\u201329. doi:10.1136\/bjsm.37.1.13","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.1.13"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McPherson AL, Nagai T, Webster KE, Hewett TE. Musculoskeletal injury risk after sport-related concussion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(7):1754\u20131762. doi:10.1177\/0363546518785901","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518785901"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reneker JC, Babl R, Flowers MM. History of concussion and risk of subsequent injury in athletes and service members: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019;42:173\u2013185. doi:10.1016\/j.msksp.2019.04.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2019.04.004"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGuine TA, Pfaller AY, Post EG, Hetzel SJ, Brooks A, Broglio SP. The influence of athletic trainers on the incidence and management of concussions in high school athletes. J Athl Train. 2018;53(11):1017\u20131024. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-209-18","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-209-18"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell DR, DiStefano L, Pandya NK, McGuine TA. The public health consequences of sport specialization. J Athl Train. 2019;54(10):1013\u20131020. doi:10.4085\/1062-6050-521-18","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-521-18"},{"key":"2023041117272964400_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post EG, Bell DR, Trigsted SM, et al. The association of competition volume, club sports, and sport specialization with sex and lower extremity injury history in high school athletes. Sports Health. 2017;9(6):518\u2013523. doi:10.1177\/1941738117714160","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117714160"}],"container-title":["Journal of Athletic Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/58\/2\/177\/3206621\/i1938-162x-58-2-177.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/58\/2\/177\/3206621\/i1938-162x-58-2-177.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T19:01:32Z","timestamp":1749668492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/58\/2\/article-p177.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/182-20","relation":{},"ISSN":["1938-162X","1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1938-162X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}}}