{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T01:02:16Z","timestamp":1768352536060,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous reports suggested that highly specialized adolescent athletes may be at a higher risk of injury, worse sleep quality, and less sport enjoyment than low-level specialized athletes. To date, the sport specialization literature has primarily addressed adolescent athletes in a variety of sports. However, whether the findings on sport specialization in predominantly nonrunning athletes are generalizable to adolescent long-distance runners is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To compare injury history, running volume, quality of life, sleep habits, and running enjoyment among male and female middle school and high school long-distance runners at different sport specialization levels.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Online survey.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 102 male (age = 15.8 \u00b1 0.9 years) and 156 female (age = 15.6 \u00b1 1.4 years) uninjured middle school and high school athletes who participated in long-distance running activities (completion rate = 50.7%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were stratified by sex and sport specialization level (low, moderate, or high). Group differences were assessed in self-reported running-related injuries, running habits, EQ-5D-Y quality of life, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index sleep quality, sleep duration, and running enjoyment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Highly specialized male and female middle school and high school long-distance runners reported more months of competition per year (P &amp;lt; .001), higher weekly run distance (P &amp;lt; .001), more runs per week (P &amp;lt; .001), higher average distance per run (P &amp;lt; .001), and greater running enjoyment (P &amp;lt; .001) than low-level specialized runners. Adolescent boys reported a higher average weekly run distance (P = .01), higher average distance per run (P = .01), and better sleep quality (P = .01) than adolescent girls. No differences among sport specialization levels were found for running-related injuries (P = .25), quality of life (P = .07), sleep quality (P = .19), or sleep duration (P = .11) among male or female middle school and high school runners.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Highly specialized male and female middle school and high school long-distance runners reported higher running volumes and running enjoyment than low-level specialized runners. However, high-level specialized runners did not describe a greater number of running-related injuries, lower quality of life, or lower sleep quality or duration as expected.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/462-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T21:27:02Z","timestamp":1611437222000},"page":"1003-1009","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sport Specialization in Middle School and High School Long-Distance Runners"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Micah C.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Human Services, Motion Analysis and Integrative Neurophysiology Lab, University of Toledo, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffery A.","family":"Taylor-Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitchell J.","family":"Rauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Toland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Judith College of Education, Herb Innovation Center, University of Toledo, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Bazett-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health and Human Services, Motion Analysis and Integrative Neurophysiology Lab, University of Toledo, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021091621031832800_i1062-6050-56-9-1003-b01","unstructured":"2018\u201319 High school athletics participation survey.\n          The National Federation 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