{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T02:05:26Z","timestamp":1789005926430,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Athletic Trainers' Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Concussion underreporting leads to delays in diagnosis and treatment, prolonging recovery time. Athletes' self-reporting of concussion symptoms, therefore, reduces risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of 3 concussion-education programs in improving concussion-reporting intention.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Randomized controlled clinical trial.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three high schools in California.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients or Other Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 118 male football players (age = 14.88 \u00b1 1.19 years).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Intervention(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were randomly assigned to receive concussion education via CrashCourse (CC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) video education materials (CDC-Vi), or CDC written education materials (CDC-Wr).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The primary outcome was concussion-reporting intention, which was assessed at baseline, immediately after education, and at 1-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were concussion knowledge, concussion-reporting attitudes, perceived concussion-reporting norms, and perceived behavioral control.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Across all education formats, a total sample of athletes improved in concussion-reporting intention at immediate and 1-month follow-ups (mean improvements = 6.8% and 11.4%, respectively; F4,224 = 11.1, P &amp;lt; .001). Similar findings were observed across all education formats in secondary analyses examining knowledge, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control. However, we noted differences in concussion-reporting intention by education format and time (F4,224 = 2.8, P = .03). Post hoc analysis showed that athletes who received CC had increased concussion-reporting intentions at immediate and 1-month follow-ups (baseline = 4.7, immediate follow-up = 6.1, 1-month follow-up = 6.0; F16,61.1 = 6.1, P = .007) compared with increases only at 1-month follow-up for CDC-Vi (baseline = 4.3, immediate follow-up = 5.2, 1-month follow-up = 5.8; F1.6,61.6 = 8.4, P = .001) and no improvement for CDC-Wr (P = .10). Secondary analyses indicated differences between CC and both CDC interventions in concussion knowledge and attitudes at immediate and 1-month follow-ups. We identified no differences in perceived behavioral control among interventions (F4,216 = 0.2, P = .93) or perceived concussion-reporting norms across (F4,224 = 0.3, P = .73) or among (F4,224 = 1.7, P = .15) interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All athletes exhibited an improved intent to report concussions, increased concussion knowledge, better concussion attitudes, and more perceived behavioral control at both immediate and 1-month follow-ups. However, athletes randomized to receive CC reported a greater intent to report concussion, more knowledge, and improved concussion-reporting attitudes when compared with those who received CDC-Vi and CDC-Wr.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4085\/509-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T20:06:06Z","timestamp":1636488366000},"page":"1197-1208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evaluating the Effect of Concussion-Education Programs on Intent to Report Concussion in High School Football"],"prefix":"10.4085","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Daniel H.","family":"Daneshvar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Yutsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Baugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioethics and Humanities, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy D.","family":"Pea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald A.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamshid","family":"Ghajar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee M.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine L.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Lewisville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea-Tereza","family":"Tenekedjieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shravya","family":"Gurrapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, CA"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Stanford University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Zafonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piya","family":"Sorcar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Stanford University, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2557","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021110920055331500_i1062-6050-56-11-1197-b01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daneshvar\n              DH,\n            \n            \n              Nowinski\n              CJ,\n            \n            \n              McKee\n              AC,\n            \n            \n              Cantu\n              RC.\n            \n          \n          The epidemiology of sport-related 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Training"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/56\/11\/1197\/2955956\/i1062-6050-56-11-1197.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jat\/article-pdf\/56\/11\/1197\/2955956\/i1062-6050-56-11-1197.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T18:56:30Z","timestamp":1749668190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nata.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/attr\/56\/11\/article-p1197.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4085\/509-20","relation":{},"ISSN":["1062-6050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1062-6050","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]}}}