{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:38:09Z","timestamp":1778773089966,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Korean Diabetes Association","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-dmj.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metab J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We previously, reported that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we investigated whether the mechanisms underlying of the anti-apoptotic effects of G-CSF were associated with autophagy using a rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy.Methods: Diabetic cardiomyopathy was induced in rats through a high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin and the rats were then treated with G-CSF for 5 days. Rat H9c2 cardiac cells were cultured under high glucose conditions as an in vitro model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The extent of apoptosis and protein levels related to autophagy (Beclin-1, microtubule-binding protein light chain 3 [LC3]-II\/LC3-I ratio, and P62) were determined for both models. Autophagy determination was performed using an Autophagy Detection kit.Results: G-CSF significantly reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the diabetic myocardium in vivo and led to an increase in Beclin-1 level and the LC3-II\/LC3-I ratio, and decreased P62 level. Similarly, G-CSF suppressed apoptosis, increased Beclin-1 level and LC3-II\/LC3-I ratio, and decreased P62 level in high glucose-induced H9c2 cardiac cells in vitro. These effects of G-CSF were abrogated by 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor. In addition, G-CSF significantly increased autophagic flux in vitro.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the anti-apoptotic effect of G-CSF might be significantly associated with the up-regulation of autophagy in diabetic cardiomyopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T05:23:37Z","timestamp":1614317017000},"page":"594-605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Role of Autophagy in Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Induced Anti-Apoptotic Effects in Diabetic 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