{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:27:18Z","timestamp":1789072038052,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Korean Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-00393728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-00393728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007687","name":"Korean Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-dmj.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metab J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: We evaluated epidemiologic trends and clinical characteristics in Koreans with diabetes and obesity and in those with diabetes in pregnancy.Methods: We analyzed Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2012\u20132023) to assess obesity trends in people with diabetes and used the Korean National Health Insurance Service database (2013\u20132023) to evaluate diabetes in pregnancy.Results: Among Korean adults with diabetes (\u226519 years), 52.4% had obesity and 61.1% had abdominal obesity. Only 39.9% achieved the glycemic target (glycosylated hemoglobin &lt;6.5%). The obesity prevalence was higher in younger age groups, and abdominal obesity showed an upward trend over the last 12 years. Diabetes in pregnancy increased despite declining total births, with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rising from 7.6% to 12.4%, and pregestational diabetes from 0.9% to 2.1%, reflecting older maternal age and pre-pregnancy obesity. Women with prior GDM had a higher risk of postpartum type 2 diabetes mellitus (hazard ratio, 6.07; 95% confidence interval, 5.97 to 6.17).Conclusion: Obesity and abdominal obesity are highly prevalent among Korean adults with diabetes, with abdominal obesity increasing over the past decade, and obesity disproportionately affects younger adults. Diabetes in pregnancy has also increased with older maternal age and worsening pre-pregnancy metabolic health, underscoring the need for early weight-focused prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2025.1162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:07:21Z","timestamp":1772669241000},"page":"255-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diabetes Fact Sheet 2025: Special Edition on Diabetes with Obesity and in Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.4093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3809-2268","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Se Eun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-3937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Se Hee","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Hwa","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han Na","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Ho","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungdo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hyun","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0542-2854","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bong Soo","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0740-8116","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sung Hee","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2567","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.119.315896"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2025.0278"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2024.0818.c1"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)01919-x"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"582","volume-title":"2025 Clinical practice guidelines for diabetes management in Korea: recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association","author":"Kang","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06378-2"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:127679"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(24)00827-4"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14400"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050786"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22339"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2024-002279"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02416-7"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-2891"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0348"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06476-6"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-023-01441-y"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0154"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1361"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.11.026"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Korean diabetes fact sheet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2021025"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-s081"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes21022"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"813","volume-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"221","volume-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity","author":"Rubino","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(17)30186-9"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"S167","volume-title":"8","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2024.0826"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1187735"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296042"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2021.0119"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23083"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmaf021"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-47"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0772"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14220"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.08.017"}],"container-title":["Diabetes &amp; Metabolism Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/e-dmj.org\/upload\/pdf\/dmj-2025-1162.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-dmj.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.4093\/dmj.2025.1162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/e-dmj.org\/upload\/pdf\/dmj-2025-1162.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T01:39:49Z","timestamp":1773279589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/e-dmj.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.4093\/dmj.2025.1162"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2025.1162","relation":{},"ISSN":["2233-6079","2233-6087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2233-6079","type":"print"},{"value":"2233-6087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}