{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:38:50Z","timestamp":1781627930003,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Afr. J. Lab. Med."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Healthcare students could harbour multidrug-resistant (MDR) and methicillin-resistant\u00a0Staphylococcus aureus\u00a0(MRSA). There is a need to understand the extent and factors associated with nasal carriage of these strains.Objective:\u00a0This study determined the frequency and risk of nasal\u00a0S. aureus,\u00a0and multiple antimicrobial resistance indices among students at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Methods:\u00a0This comparative cross-sectional study collected nasal samples from 02 January 2024 to 31 July 2024 from healthcare students at Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, which were processed for\u00a0S. aureus\u00a0identification. Antimicrobial resistance phenotype was determined by the disk diffusion method. Structured questionnaires were used to collect participants\u2019 sociodemographic and risk factor data.Results:\u00a0A total of 251 students participated, including 126 (50.2%) men and 125 (49.8%) women (aged 17\u201344 years). The nasal carriage of\u00a0S. aureus\u00a0was 31.5% (79\/251) and MRSA was 23.5% (59\/251). Clinical-phase students had a higher frequency of nasal MRSA (25%) than preclinical-phase students (22.1%).\u00a0Staphylococcus aureus\u00a0resistance against non-beta-lactams was highest for tetracycline (49.4%) and ciprofloxacin (29.1%), with 39.2% (31\/79) showing MDR. Medical and pharmacy students had statistically significant higher nasal carriage of MDR-S. aureus\u00a0(p\u00a0 0.05). Students residing in households of 5\u20138 individuals had the highest nasal MDR-S. aureus\u00a0carriage (p\u00a0= 0.0044).\u00a0Staphylococcus aureus\u00a0isolates with multiple antimicrobial resistance indices of 0.2 (29.1%) and 0.3 (24%) were the most predominant.Conclusion:\u00a0High levels of nasal MRSA and MDR-S. aureus\u00a0were obtained from this study. The predominance of strains with high antimicrobial resistance indicates sources with high antibiotic use.What this study adds:\u00a0To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study on the multiple antimicrobial resistance indices of nasal\u00a0S. aureus\u00a0in healthcare students in Africa. Moreover, this is the first report to categorises subgroup variation of nasal MDR-S. aureus\u00a0carriage by the six major groups of healthcare students.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/ajlm.v14i1.2667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T06:24:40Z","timestamp":1750659880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nasal carriage rate and multiple antimicrobial resistance indices of Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare students at the Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9404-5033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumayya","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idris N.","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3132-3315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafeez A.","family":"Adekola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9289-827X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Baamlong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9955-3841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amos","family":"Dangana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3972-5351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahaya","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1941-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdurrahman E.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9630-0101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumaiya","family":"Salisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2687-6177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mukhtar M.","family":"Abdulaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Machado C, Alonso-Calleja C, Capita R. Prevalence and types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in meat and meat products from retail outlets and in samples of animal origin collected in farms, slaughterhouses and meat processing facilities. A review. Food Microbiol. 2024;123:104580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2024.104580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2024.104580"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu A, Garrett S, Hong W, Zhang J. Staphylococcus aureus infections and human intestinal microbiota. Pathogens. 2024;13(4):276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13040276","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13040276"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy MC, Chowdhury T, Hossain MT, et al. Zoonotic linkage and environmental contamination of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in dairy farms: A one health perspective. One Health. 2024;18:100680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100680"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Algammal AM, Hetta HF, Elkelish A, et al., Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): One health perspective approach to the bacterium epidemiology, virulence factors, antibiotic-resistance, and zoonotic impact. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:3255\u20133265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S272733","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S272733"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos GAC, Dropa M, Rocha SM, Peternella FAS, Razzolini MTP. Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in drinking water fountains in urban parks. J Water Health. 2020;18(5):654\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wh.2020.042","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2020.042"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Taylor TA, Unakal CG. Staphylococcus aureus infection [homepage on the Internet]. StatPearls \u2013 NCBI Bookshelf. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441868\/"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Samuel P, Kumar YS, Suthakar BJ, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in intensive care and burn units: A narrative review. Cureus. 2023;15(10):e47139. PMCID: PMC10650970."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira EMN, Carvalho ARB, Ferreira AM et al., Colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare students: An integrative review. Sao Paulo Med J Revista paulista de medicina. 2021;139(6):607\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1516-3180.2020.0564.r2.22042021","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2020.0564.r2.22042021"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamazaki Y, Ito T, Tamai M, Nakagawa S, Nakamura Y. The role of Staphylococcus aureus quorum sensing in cutaneous and systemic infections. Inflamm Regeneration. 2024;44(1):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41232-024-00323-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-024-00323-8"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma S, Chauhan A, Ranjan A, et al. Emerging challenges in antimicrobial resistance: Implications for pathogenic microorganisms, novel antibiotics, and their impact on sustainability. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1403168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1403168","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1403168"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shoaib M, Aqib AI, Muzammil I, et al. MRSA compendium of epidemiology, transmission, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention within one health framework. Front Microbiol. 2023;13:1067284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1067284","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1067284"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosales-Gonz\u00e1lez NC, Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00edn M, Abdullahi IN, Tejedor-Junco MT, Latorre-Fern\u00e1ndez J, Torres C. Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic lineages of nasal Staphylococcus aureus among medical students at a Spanish University: Detection of the MSSA-CC398-IEC-type-C subclade. Research Microbiol. 2023;175(4):104176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resmic.2023.104176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2023.104176"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdoli Oskouie Y, Abbasi-Asl M, Taghavi Zonouz A, et al. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and methicillin-resistant S. aureus among medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2020;13(11):e111125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/jjm.111125","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.111125"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adesida SA, Abioye OA, Bamiro BS, et al. Associated risk factors and pulsed field gel electrophoresis of nasal isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from medical students in a tertiary hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. Braz J Infect Dis. 2007;11:63\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1413-86702007000100016","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702007000100016"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, Saidenberg ABS, Stegger M, Torres C. Clonal relatedness of coagulase-positive staphylococci among healthy dogs and dog-owners in Spain. Detection of multidrug-resistant-MSSA-CC398 and novel linezolid-resistant-MRSA-CC5. Front Microbiol. 2023 Mar 2;14:1121564. doi: 10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1121564. PMID: 36937268; PMCID: PMC10017961.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1121564"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker K, David MZ, Skov RL. Staphylococcus, micrococcus, and other Catalase-Positive cocci. ClinMicroNow [Internet]. 2023 Aug 11;1\u201337. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781683670438.mcm0021","DOI":"10.1002\/9781683670438.mcm0021"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Hoovels, L., Vankeerberghen, A., Boel, A., Van Vaerenbergh, K., & De Beenhouwer, H. (2006). First case of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infection in a human. Journal of clinical microbiology, 44(12), 4609\u20134612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01308-06","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01308-06"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters [homepage on the Internet]. Version 14.0. [cited 2024 May 06]. Available from: http:\/\/www.eucast.org"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badawy B, Elafify M, Farag AMM, et al. Ecological distribution of virulent multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in livestock, environment, and dairy products. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;11(11):1651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11111651","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111651"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:268\u2013281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Damen JG, Cosmas EU, Daminabo VM. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among healthy students in a Nigerian university. World J Pharm Med Res. 2018;4(2):196\u2013200."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amaihunwa NKC, Adjekuko NCO, Jewo NAO, Onyebuchi NFE, Enwa NFO Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among medical students in Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara. World J Adv Res Rev. 2024;23(2):417\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30574\/wjarr.2024.23.2.2359","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2024.23.2.2359"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piechowicz L, Garbacz K, Wi\u015bniewska K, D\u0105browska-Szponar M. Screening of Staphylococcus aureus nasal strains isolated from medical students for toxin genes. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2011;56:5\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12223-011-0041-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-011-0041-1"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatta DR, Hamal D, Shrestha R, et al. Nasal and pharyngeal colonization by bacterial pathogens: A comparative study between preclinical and clinical sciences medical students. Can J Infect Dis Med Micbiol. 2018;2018(1):7258672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7258672","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7258672"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obajuluwa AF, Parom SK, Kubau SK. Prevalence and antibiogram of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among apparently healthy university staff and students in Kaduna, Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2024;28(3):967\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/jasem.v28i3.39","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v28i3.39"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajani T, Elikwu C, Nwadike V, et al. Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among medical students of a private institution in Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria. Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol. 2020;21(4):311\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ajcem.v21i4.7","DOI":"10.4314\/ajcem.v21i4.7"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lerche N, Holtfreter S, Walther B, et al. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among dental health care workers in Northern Germany (StaphDent study). Int J Med Microbiol. 2021;311(6):151524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmm.2021.151524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2021.151524"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sezgi\u0307n FM, Sarihan S, T\u00fcrko\u011flu HN, et al. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by medical students: Assessment of antibiotic susceptibility and risk factors. Cumhuriyet T\u0131p Dergisi\/Cumhuriyet U\u0308Niversitesi T\u0131p Faku\u0308Ltesi Dergisi. 2020;42(3):259\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7197\/cmj.vi.645617","DOI":"10.7197\/cmj.vi.645617"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma XX, Sun DD, Wang S, et al. Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among preclinical medical students: Epidemiologic and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant S. aureus clones. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;70(1):22\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.004"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treesirichod A, Hantagool S, Prommalikit O. Nasal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus among medical students at the HRH princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn medical center, Thailand: A cross-sectional study. J Infect Public Health. 2013;6(3):196\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiph.2012.12.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2012.12.004"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekuriya E, Manilal A, Aklilu A, Woldemariam M, Hailu T, Wasihun B. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among medicine and health science students, Arba Minch University, Ethiopia. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):10161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-14212-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14212-y"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakai SA. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among medical students in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J. 2015;36(7):807\u2013812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15537\/smj.2015.7.11609","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2015.7.11609"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogefere HO, Ogunleye LA. Molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococci among apparently healthy students. Universa Medicina. 2019;38(1):25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18051\/univmed.2019.v38.25-32","DOI":"10.18051\/UnivMed.2019.v38.25-32"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomon PO, Okpala HO, Oladeinde BH, Olley M, Okon KO. Prevalence of nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonization amongst medical students of Igbinedion University Okada. Int J Trop Dis Health. 2019;34(2):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/ijtdh\/2018\/46076","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2018\/46076"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen BJ, Xie XY, Ni LJ, et al. Factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and molecular characteristics among the general population at a Medical College Campus in Guangzhou, South China. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2017;16(1):28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12941-017-0206-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0206-0"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sollid JU, Furberg AS, Hanssen AM, Johannessen M. Staphylococcus aureus: Determinants of human carriage. Infect Genet Evol. 2014;21:531\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.020"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen B, Li S, Lin S, Huang M, Dong H. The association between antibiotics and community-associated Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the United States population: Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Medicine 2022;101(45):e31702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000031702","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031702"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du J, Chen C, Ding B, et al. Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolates from a Chinese medical college campus. PLoS One. 2011;6:e27328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0027328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027328"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hogan B, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Al-Emran H, et al. Prevalence of nasal colonisation by methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers and students in Madagascar. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-016-1733-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1733-6"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stensen DB, Sm\u00e5brekke L, Olsen K, et al. Circulating sex-steroids and Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a general female population. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;184(2):337\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-20-0877","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0877"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park S, Ronholm J. Staphylococcus aureus in agriculture: Lessons in evolution from a multispecies pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021;34(2):e00182-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00182-20","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00182-20"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari S, Gautam R, Shrestha S, Ansari SR, Subedi SN, Chhetri MR. Risk factors assessment for nasal colonization of Staphylococcus aureus and its methicillin resistant strains among pre-clinical medical students of Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-016-2021-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2021-7"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes \u00c2, Martins da Costa P, Rego D, et al. Contamination of public transports by Staphylococcus aureus and its carriage by biomedical students: Point-prevalence, related risk factors and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant strains. Public Health. 2015;129(8):1125\u20131131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.05.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.05.010"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Avial C, Alvarez-Novoa A, Losa A, Picazo JJ. Aumento significativo de la colonizaci\u00f3n por Staphylococcus aureus entre los estudiantes de medicina durante la realizaci\u00f3n de las pr\u00e1cticas en el hospital Significant increase in the colonisation of Staphylococcus aureus among medical students during their hospital practices. Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica. 2013;31(8):516\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eimc.2012.09.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2012.09.017"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolde W, Mitiku H, Sarkar R, Shume T. Nasal carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus, its associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among health care workers in public hospitals, Harar, Eastern Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist. 2023;16:3477\u20133486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S396570","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S396570"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Syafinaz AM, Nur Ain NZ, Nadzirahi SN, Fatimah JS, Shahram A, Nasir MD. Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers among medical students in a medical school. Med J Malaysia. 2012;67(6):636\u2013638."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aires-de-Sousa M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among animals: Current overview. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(6):373\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2016.11.002"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen CJ, Huang YC. New epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infection in Asia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(7):605\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1469-0691.12705","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12705"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakr A, Br\u00e9geon F, M\u00e8ge JL, Rolain JM, Blin O. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization: An update on mechanisms, epidemiology, risk factors, and subsequent infections. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02419","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02419"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto-Herrera NC, Jones LD, Ha W, et al. Transfer of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by fist bump versus handshake. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(8):962\u2013964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ice.2020.192","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.192"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bischoff WE, Wallis ML, Tucker BK, et al. \u201cGesundheit!\u201d sneezing, common colds, allergies, and Staphylococcus aureus dispersion. J Infect Dis. 2006;194(8):1119\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/507908","DOI":"10.1086\/507908"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adhikari P, Basyal D, Rai JR, et al. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and multidrug resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical samples at a tertiary care teaching hospital: An observational, cross-sectional study from the Himalayan country, Nepal. BMJ Open. 2023;13(5):e067384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067384","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067384"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezeh CK, Eze CN, Dibua MEU, Emencheta SC. A meta-analysis on the prevalence of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to different antibiotics in Nigeria. Antimicrob Resist Infect Contr. 2023;12(1):40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-023-01243-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-023-01243-x"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dadashi M, Hajikhani B, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Van Belkum A, Goudarzi M. Mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;20:238\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.07.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.07.032"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, et al. Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus aureus strains from wild birds and pig farms elucidates levels of mobilomes, antibiotic pressure and host adaptation. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2024;36:142\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2023.12.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2023.12.003"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, et al. Nasal staphylococci microbiota and resistome in healthy adults in La Rioja, northern Spain: High frequency of toxigenic S. aureus and MSSA-CC398 subclade. Infect Genet Evol. 2023;116:105529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2023.105529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2023.105529"}],"container-title":["African Journal of Laboratory Medicine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ajlmonline.org\/index.php\/ajlm\/article\/viewFile\/2667\/3164","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ajlmonline.org\/index.php\/ajlm\/article\/viewFile\/2667\/3165","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ajlmonline.org\/index.php\/ajlm\/article\/viewFile\/2667\/3166","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ajlmonline.org\/index.php\/ajlm\/article\/viewFile\/2667\/3167","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ajlmonline.org\/index.php\/ajlm\/article\/viewFile\/2667\/3167","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T13:45:27Z","timestamp":1758807927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ajlmonline.org\/index.php\/ajlm\/article\/view\/2667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ajlm.v14i1.2667","relation":{},"ISSN":["2225-2010","2225-2002"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2225-2010","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2225-2002","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]}}}