{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:36:44Z","timestamp":1785404204561,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic strained the healthcare sector and workers. Nurses experienced stress and burnout because of strain in resources, limited staff and exposure risk. Resultant lower back pain was prevalent. Nurses were poorly equipped to manage these conditions physically and psychologically.\n\nObjectives: The study aims to investigate lower back pain and stress levels during COVID-19. It also aims to provide data describing any association between both.\n\nMethod: Pain and stress were determined using questionnaires. Quantitative, descriptive design and convenient sampling were used. The Chi-square goodness-of-fit-test tests significant Back Pain Functional Scale (BPFS) responses (12 daily activities lower back pain) and determines the relationship between pain and stress before and during COVID-19 related to the current time. Chi-square test of independence is used on cross-tabulations to determine the relationship between stress and lower back pain. Fisher\u2019s exact test was used for conditions not met. The Binomial test was used for the significance check of yes\/no response to medication use. A questionnaire was provided on exercise levels and provision by workplace.\n\nResults: Higher pain and stress were noted during versus prior to COVID-19. Back Pain Functional Scale showed no difficulty performing the majority of activities. A small percentage used medication, showing no significant change. Majority did not perform exercise for reducing lower back pain prior to or during COVID-19. Exercise intervention was not provided by workplaces for the majority, during or prior to COVID-19.\n\nConclusion: Lower back pain and perceived stress levels increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Provision of lower back pain education and exercise intervention in preventing and managing lower back pain in hospital nurses was needed. This study adds to the stress and lower back pain knowledge base in South Africa.\n\nContribution: The findings assist in understanding the effects of Covid-19 on stress and lower back pain in nurses, linkage of the two, and possible interventions to reduce these effects using knowledge enhancement and prescribed exercise interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/curationis.v48i1.2698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T09:29:47Z","timestamp":1745659787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceived stress and lower back pain amongst nurses during the SARS-CoV-2, across hospitals in Durban, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laralyn L.","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzfn040","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4326-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jed L.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04qzfn040","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-samawi, M.A. & Awad, H.M., 2015, \u2018Incidences of low back pain among nurses working in Elmak Nimer University Hospital \u2013 Shendi \u2013 Sudan 2015\u2019, Nursing and Health 3(6), 129\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13189\/nh.2015.030601","DOI":"10.13189\/nh.2015.030601"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonezzi, C., Fornasari, D., Cricelli, C., Magni, A. & Ventriglia, G., 2020, \u2018Not all pain is created equal: Basic definitions and diagnostic work-up\u2019, Pain and Therapy 9(suppl 1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-020-00217-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-020-00217-w"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozic, A., Gajdobranski, D., Brestovacki-Svitlica, B., Medic-Pericevic, S., Mikov, M., Vasovic, V. et al., 2022, \u2018The prevalence of low back pain among nurses in Serbia\u2019, Work (Reading, Mass.) 71(1), 249\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/WOR-205144","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-205144"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Buscemi, V., 2025, \u2018Exploring stress in low back pain: From patient perspectives to neurophysiology\u2019, Journal of Pain Research 18(4), 45\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1234\/jpr.2025.01987"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Cascella, M., Rajnik, M., Aleem, A., Dulebohn S.C., Di Napoli, R., 2023, \u2018Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19)\u2019, in StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Casiano, V.E., Sarwan, G., Dydyk, A.M. & Varacallo, M., 2023, \u2018Back pain\u2019, StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chegini, Z., 2019, \u2018Occupational stress among critical care nurses: A comparative study of public and private sector\u2019, Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 24(4), 306\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijnmr.IJNMR_218_18","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnmr.IJNMR_218_18"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Wu, J., Wang, X., Wu, J. & Ren, Z., 2021, \u2018The effects of myofascial release technique for patients with low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis\u2019, Complementary Therapies in Medicine 59, 102737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102737"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choobineh, A., Museloo, B.K., Ghaem, H. & Daneshmandi, H., 2021, \u2018Investigating association between job stress dimensions and prevalence of low back pain among hospital nurses\u2019, Work (Reading, Mass.) 69(1), 307\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/WOR-213479","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-213479"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Chu, B., Marwaha, K., Sanvictores, T. & Ayers, D., 2022, Physiology, stress reaction, StatsPearls, viewed 20 August 2023, from https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK541120\/."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c7\u0131nar, D., K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Ak\u00e7a, N., Zorba Bah\u00e7eli, P. & Ba\u011f, Y., 2021, \u2018Perceived stress and affecting factors related to COVID-19 pandemic of emergency nurses in Turkey\u2019, Journal of Nursing Management 29(7), 1916\u20131923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jonm.13329","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13329"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixit, R., 2017, \u2018Low back pain\u2019, in Kelley and Firestein\u2019s textbook of rheumatology, pp. 696\u2013716.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-31696-5.00047-4"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Dreisinger, T.E., 2014, \u2018Exercise in the management of chronic back pain\u2019, Ochsner Journal 2014 14(1), 101\u2013107."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelbrecht, M.C., Heunis, J.C. & Kigozi, N.G., 2021, \u2018Post-traumatic stress and coping strategies of South African nurses during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic\u2019, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(15), 7919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18157919","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157919"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firouzkouhi, M., Abdollahimohammad, A., Rezaie-Kheikhaie, K., Mortazavi, H., Farzi, J., Masinaienezhad, N. et al., 2022, \u2018Nurses\u2019 caring experiences in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of qualitative research\u2019, Health Sciences Review 3, 100030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hsr.2022.100030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hsr.2022.100030"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiter, J., Werdhani, R.A. & Wahyuni, S., 2018, \u2018Effect of back-exercise on the level of pain and disability among hospital ward nurses with subacute and chronic nonspecific low back pain\u2019, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1073(6), 062027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1073\/6\/062027","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1073\/6\/062027"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaowgzeh, R.A.M., 2019, \u2018Low back pain among nursing professionals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: Prevalence and risk factors\u2019, Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 32(4), 555\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/BMR-181218","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-181218"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilchrist, A. & Pokorn\u00e1, A., 2021, \u2018Prevalence of musculoskeletal low back pain among registered nurses: Results of an online survey\u2019, Journal of Clinical Nursing 30(11\u201312), 1675\u20131683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.15722","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15722"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grooten, W.J.A., Bostr\u00f6m, C., Dedering, \u00c5., Halvorsen, M., Kuster, R.P., Nilsson-Wikmar, L. et al., 2022, \u2018Summarizing the effects of different exercise types in chronic low back pain \u2013 A systematic review of systematic reviews\u2019, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 23(1), 801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-022-05722-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05722-x"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnd\u00fcz, C. & Say\u0131lan, A., 2021, \u2018Low back pain and methods of coping with low back pain in nurses\u2019, Journal of the Turkish Society of Algology 33(4), 243\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14744\/agri.2021.77528","DOI":"10.14744\/agri.2021.77528"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcne\u015f, E. & Ayaz-Alkaya, S., 2021, \u2018The effect of health education on prevention of low back pain for health caregivers and cleaning workers\u2019, International Journal of Nursing Practice 28(1), 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijn.12973","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.12973"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Husky, M.M., Farin, F.F., Compagnone, P., Fermanan, C. & Masfesty, V.K., 2018, \u2018Chronic back pain and its association with quality of life in a large French population survey\u2019, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 16(1), 195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-018-1018-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-1018-4"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ijabadeniyi, O.A. & Fasae, J.K., 2022, \u2018Prevalence of low back pain among nurses and the effects on job performance in tertiary health institutions in Ondo State, Nigeria\u2019, International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences 18, 100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijans.2023.100560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijans.2023.100560"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jassat, W., Mudara, C., Ozougwu, L., Tempia, S., Blumberg, L., Davies, M.A. et al., 2021, \u2018Difference in mortality among individuals admitted to hospital with COVID-19 during the first and second waves in South Africa: A cohort study\u2019, Lancet. Global Health 9(9), e1216\u2013e1225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00289-8","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.09.21253184"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanakkarthodi, R., Edakalathur, B.B., Anapattath, A.N., Kallikkattu Valappil, J.K., Afsar, A., Jakettu, R.P., Binub, K., 2022, \u2018Low Back Pain Among in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital at Malappuram Kerala\u2019, Cureus 14(11), 31622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.31622","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.31622"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlibel, \u0130.A. & Aksoy, M.K., 2022, \u2018The relationship between burnout syndrome and low back pain, neck pain and mood status in hospital workers in the COVID-19 pandemic\u2019, European Research Journal 8(2), 191\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18621\/eurj.989751","DOI":"10.18621\/eurj.989751"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasa, A.S., Workineh, Y., Ayalew, E. & Temesgen, W.A., 2020, \u2018Low back pain among nurses working in clinical settings of Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 years of studies\u2019, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 21(1), 310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12891-020-03341-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-020-03341-y"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Kore, C., Gultie, T. & Sahle, Y., 2021, \u2018Low back pain and associated factors among nurses working in hospitals, Bole Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020\u2019, Health Science Journal 15(7), 859, viewed August 2023, from https:\/\/www.itmedicalteam.pl\/articles\/low-back-pain-and-associated-factors-among-nurses-working-in-hospitals-bole-sub-city-addis-ababa-ethiopia-2020.pdf."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Lalitha, P. & Singh, B., 2022, \u2018Back strengthening exercises in reducing mechanical low back pain among staff nurses\u2019, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research 9(7), c15\u2013c26, viewed December 2023, from https:\/\/www.jetir.org\/papers\/JETIR2207203.pdf."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorente, L., Vera, M. & Peir\u00f3, T., 2020, \u2018Nurses\u2019 stressors and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of coping and resilience\u2019, Leading Global Nursing 77(3), 1335\u20131344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JAN.14695\/v2\/review1","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14695"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotfi, M., Hamblin, M.R. & Rezaei, N., 2020, \u2018COVID-19: Transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities\u2019, Clinica Chimica Acta 508, 254\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.044"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metreveli, L. & Japaridze, K., 2022, \u2018Stress as an integral part of our life\u2019, European Scientific Journal 9, 812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19044\/esipreprint.9.2022.p812","DOI":"10.19044\/esipreprint.9.2022.p812"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokhele, T., Manyaapelo, T., Sifunda, S., Dukhi, N., Sewpaul, R., Naidoo, I. et al., 2022, \u2018Factors influencing healthcare workers\u2019 perception of South African health system capability for managing COVID-19 pandemic\u2019, Open Public Health Journal 15(1), e187494452204070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/18749445-v15-e2204070","DOI":"10.2174\/18749445-v15-e2204070"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moonasar, D., Pillay, A., Leonard, E., Naidoo, R., Mngemane, S., Ramkrishna, W. et al., 2021, \u2018COVID-19: Lessons and experiences from South Africa\u2019s first surge\u2019, BMJ Global Health 6(2), e004393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004393","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-004393"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosabbir, A., 2022, \u2018Mechanisms behind the development of chronic low back pain and its neurodegenerative features\u2019, Life 13(1), 84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13010084","DOI":"10.3390\/life13010084"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, D.B., Thayer, J.F. & Vedhara, K., \u2018Stress and health: A review of psychobiological processes\u2019, Annual Review of Psychology 72, 663\u2013688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-062520-122331","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-062520-122331"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozen, S. & Cakmak, E., 2021, \u2018Prevalence of chronic low back pain and associated risk factors in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2019, COJ Nursing & Healthcare 7(5), 000672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31031\/COJNH.2021.07.000672","DOI":"10.31031\/COJNH.2021.07.000672"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raffaeli, W. & Arnaudo, E., 2017, \u2018Pain as a disease: An overview\u2019, Journal of Pain Research 10, 2003\u20132008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S138864","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S138864"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sethi, B.A., Sethi, A., Ali, S. & Aamir, H.S., 2020, \u2018Impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on health professionals\u2019, Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 36(COVID19-S4), S6\u2013S11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2779","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2779"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seyed, M.A. & Mohamed, S.H., 2021, \u2018Low back pain: A comprehensive review on the diagnosis, treatment options, and the role of other contributing factors\u2019, Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9(F), 347\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3889\/oamjms.2021.6877","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2021.6877"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, D.K., 2018, \u2018Physiology of stress and its management\u2019, Journal of Medicine: Study Research 1(1), 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24966\/MSR-5657\/100001","DOI":"10.24966\/MSR-5657\/100001"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shieh, S.H., Sung, F.C., Su, C.H., Tsai, Y. & Hsieh, V.C., 2016, \u2018Increased low back pain risk in nurses with high workload for patient care: A questionnaire survey\u2019, Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 55(4), 525\u2013529. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjog.2016.06.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2016.06.013"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stennett, A., De Souza, L. & Norris, M., 2020, \u2018The meaning of exercise and physical activity in community dwelling people with multiple sclerosis\u2019, Disability and Rehabilitation 42(3), 317\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09638288.2018.1497715","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1497715"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Stratford, P.W. & Binkley, J.M., 2000, \u2018A comparison study of the back pain functional scale and Roland Morris questionnaire\u2019, Journal of Rheumatology 27(8), 1928\u20131936."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sultana, R., Afzal, M., Yaqoob, A. & Khan, S., 2022, \u2018Knowledge, attitude and perception of low back pain exercise among nurses at a clinical setting in Public Tertiary Hospital Lahore, Pakistan\u2019, Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16(1), 728\u2013730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53350\/pjmhs22161728","DOI":"10.53350\/pjmhs22161728"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thobaity, A.A. & Alshammari, F., 2020, \u2018Nurses on the frontline against the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrative review\u2019, Dubai Medical Journal 3(3), 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000509361","DOI":"10.1159\/000509361"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomaszewska, K., Majchrowicz, B., Snarska, K. & Telega, D., 2022, \u2018Stress and occupational burnout of nurses working with COVID-19 patients\u2019, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(19), 12688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191912688","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912688"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsegaw, S., Getachew, Y. & Tegegne, B., 2022, \u2018Determinants of work-related stress among nurses working in private and public hospitals in Dessie City, 2021: Comparative cross-sectional study\u2019, Psychology Research and Behavior Management 15, 1823\u20131835. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PRBM.S372882","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S372882"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Der Burg, J.C.E., Van Die\u00ebn, J.H. & Toussaint, H.M., 2000, \u2018Lifting an unexpectedly heavy object: The effects on low-back loading and balance loss\u2019, Clinical Biomechanics 15(7), 469\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00084-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(99)00084-4"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinstrup, J., Jakobsen, M.D. & Andersen, L.L., 2020, \u2018Perceived stress and low-back pain among healthcare workers: A multi-center prospective cohort study\u2019, Frontiers in Public Health 8, 297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00297","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00297"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W. & Shaman, J., 2022, \u2018COVID-19 pandemic dynamics in South Africa and epidemiological characteristics of three variants of concern (Beta, Delta, and Omicron)\u2019, Elife 11, e78933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/elife.78933","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.78933"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zakeri, M.A., Rahiminezhad, E., Salehi, F., Ganjeh, H. & Dehghan, M., 2021, \u2018Burnout, anxiety, stress, and depression among Iranian nurses: Before and during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic\u2019, Frontiers Psychology 12, 789737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.789737","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.789737"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Wan, L. & Wang, X., 2014, \u2018The effect of health education in patients with chronic low back pain\u2019, Journal of International Medical Research 42(3), 815\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060514527059","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060514527059"}],"container-title":["Curationis"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/curationis.org.za\/index.php\/curationis\/article\/viewFile\/2698\/4129","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/curationis.org.za\/index.php\/curationis\/article\/viewFile\/2698\/4130","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/curationis.org.za\/index.php\/curationis\/article\/viewFile\/2698\/4131","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/curationis.org.za\/index.php\/curationis\/article\/viewFile\/2698\/4132","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/curationis.org.za\/index.php\/curationis\/article\/view\/2698\/4132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T10:22:14Z","timestamp":1747218134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/curationis.org.za\/index.php\/curationis\/article\/view\/2698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/curationis.v48i1.2698","relation":{},"ISSN":["0379-8577","2223-6279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0379-8577","type":"print"},{"value":"2223-6279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"article-number":"a2698"}}