{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:18:06Z","timestamp":1785421086238,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"AOSIS","issue":"0","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Globally, reports have shown that pregnant women refuse to receive the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine. This has posed a significant concern given the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nAim:\u00a0This study aims to explore the current evidence on the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on pregnant women.\n\nMethod:\u00a0A scoping review was conducted using Levac et al.\u2019s five-stage framework. Relevant articles were searched in the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost (CINAHL) databases. The identified articles were screened based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from the selected articles were charted and summarised into meaningful units.\n\nResults:\u00a0Twelve articles from developed countries were included in the review. Studies have reported that COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy is generally safe and does not increase the risk of pregnancy complications. There was no significant difference in delivery outcomes between vaccinated and unvaccinated women. Neonatal outcomes were not affected by the vaccination. However, one study identified a potential risk of spontaneous abortion between 6 and 9 weeks of gestation among vaccinated women.\n\nConclusion:\u00a0Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination is considered safe during pregnancy. While some studies have identified potential associations with certain conditions, the overall benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks. Continued monitoring of the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy is recommended. Pregnant women should consult healthcare providers to make informed decisions regarding vaccination.\n\nContribution:\u00a0The findings of this review may assist in alleviating anxiety and reducing vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4102\/hsag.v29i0.2577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T03:39:27Z","timestamp":1733456367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination on pregnant women: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.4102","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7142-6189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mildred M.","family":"Malamule","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8761-2055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodwell","family":"Gundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5144-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mavis","family":"Mulaudzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00g0p6g84","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Pretoria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2580","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almutairi, A., Asiri, M., Alsuwaidan, S., Sufyani, R., Alsalem, S. & Alghamdi, J., 2023, \u2018COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes\u2019, Cureus 15(1), 33240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.33240","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.33240"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arulappen, A.L., Danial, M., Shanmugam, G., Cheng, J.T., Dulasi, M. & Chow, T.S., 2022, \u2018A multicenter cohort study on the adverse effects evaluation after messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant healthcare employees in Penang general hospitals\u2019, Frontiers in Public Health 10, 876966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.876966","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.876966"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bleicher, I., Kadour-Peero, E., Sagi-Dain, L. & Sagi, S., 2021, \u2018Early exploration of COVID-19 vaccination safety and effectiveness during pregnancy: Interim descriptive data from a prospective observational study\u2019, Vaccine 39(44), 6535\u20136538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.09.043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.09.043"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouzaglou, A., Aubenas, I., Abbou, H., Rouanet, S., Carbonnel, M., Pirtea, P. et al., 2020, \u2018Pregnancy at 40 years old and above: Obstetrical, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Is age an independent risk factor for those complications?\u2019, Frontiers in Medicine 7, 208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.00208","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00208"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carbone, L., Trinchillo, M.G., Di Girolamo, R., Raffone, A., Saccone, G., Iorio, G.G. et al., 2022, \u2018COVID-19 vaccine and pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis\u2019, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 159(3), 651\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijgo.14336","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14336"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsen, E.\u00d8., Magnus, M.C., Oakley, L., Fell, D.B., Greve-Isdahl, M., Kinge, J.M. et al., 2022, \u2018Association of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy with incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants\u2019, JAMA Internal Medicine 182(8), 825\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.2442","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.2442"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvert, C., Carruthers, J., Denny, C., Donaghy, J., Hillman, S., Hopcroft, L.E. et al., 2022, \u2018A population-based matched cohort study of early pregnancy outcomes following COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection\u2019, Nature Communications 13(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-33937-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33937-y"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Condon, M., Smith, N., Ayyash, M. & Goyert, G., 2023, \u2018The impact of COVID-19 vaccinations on stillbirth rates among pregnant women in the metro-Detroit area\u2019, Journal of the National Medical Association 115(1), 15\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnma.2022.12.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2022.12.008"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Cucinotta, D. & Vanelli, M., 2020, \u2018Who declares COVID-19 a pandemic\u2019, Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis 91(1), 157\u2013160."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dick, A., Rosenbloom, J.I., Gutman-Ido, E., Lessans, N., Cahen-Peretz, A. & Chill, H.H., 2022, \u2018Safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during pregnancy-obstetric outcomes from a large cohort study\u2019, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22(1), 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-022-04505-5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04505-5"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egloff, C., Couffignal, C., Cordier, A.G., Deruelle, P., Sibiude, J., Anselem, O. et al., 2022, \u2018Pregnant women\u2019s perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine: A French survey\u2019, PLoS One 17(2), e0263512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263512","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263512"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engjom, H., Van Den Akker, T., Aabakke, A., Ayras, O., Bloemenkamp, K., Donati, S. et al., 2022, \u2018Severe COVID-19 in pregnancy is almost exclusively limited to unvaccinated women\u2013time for policies to change\u2019, Lancet Regional Health\u2013Europe 13, 100313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100313"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fell, D.B., Dhinsa, T., Alton, G.D., T\u00f6r\u00f6k, E., Dimanlig-Cruz, S., Regan, A.K. et al., 2022, \u2018Association of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy with adverse peripartum outcomes\u2019, Jorunal of American Medical Association 327(15), 1478\u20131487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2022.4255","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.4255"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halasa, N.B., Olson, S.M., Staat, M.A., Newhams, M.M., Price, A.M., Boom, J.A. et al., 2022, \u2018Effectiveness of maternal vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy against COVID-19-associated hospitalisation in infants aged< 6 months \u2013 17 states, July 2021 \u2013 January 2022\u2019, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 71(7), 264\u2013270.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7107e3"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, H., Griffin, S.J., Kuhn, I. & Usher-Smith, J.A., 2020, \u2018Software tools to support title and abstract screening for systematic reviews in healthcare: An evaluation\u2019, BMC Medical Research Methodology 20, 7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12874-020-0897-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-0897-3"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, E., Hasan, M., Rahman, M.A., Lee, I., Tamanna, T. & Parvez, M.Z., 2021, \u2018Corodet: A deep learning based classification for COVID-19 detection using chest X-ray images\u2019, Chaos, Solitons, and Fractals 142, 110495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110495"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalra, K., Kaur, R., Gupta, P., Sood, A.K., Kaur, R. & Gupta, P., 2023, \u2018COVID-19 vaccine acceptance during pregnancy, women\u2019s views, and influencing factors\u2019, Cureus 15(1), e34039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.34039","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.34039"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komine-Aizawa, S., Haruyama, Y., Deguchi, M., Hayakawa, S., Kawana, K., Kobashi, G. et al., 2022, \u2018The vaccination status and adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccine among pregnant women in Japan in 2021\u2019, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 48(7), 1561\u20131569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jog.15285","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15285"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kugelman, N., Riskin, A., Kedar, R. & Riskin-Mashiah, S., 2023, \u2018Safety of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant women: A study of the adverse perinatal outcomes\u2019, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 161(1), 298\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijgo.14599","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14599"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levac, D., Colquhoun, H. & O\u2019Brien, K.K., 2010, \u2018Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology\u2019, Implementation Science 5(1), 51\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Deng, J., Liu, Q., Du, M., Liu, M. & Liu, J., 2022, \u2018Effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccine among pregnant women in real-world studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis\u2019, Vaccines 10(2), 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10020246","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020246"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour, O., Hernandez-Diaz, S. & Wyszynski, D.F., 2023, \u2018mRNA COVID-19 vaccination early in pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion in an international pregnancy registry\u2019, Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 32(6), 685\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pds.5600","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5600"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, J.A., Biggio, J.R., Martin, J.K., Mussarat, N., Elmayan, A., Chawla, H.K. et al., 2023, \u2018Pregnancy outcomes in patients after completion of the mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination series compared with unvaccinated patients\u2019, Obstetrics and Gynecology 141(3), 555\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005072","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005072"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Page, M.J., McKenzie, J.E., Bossuyt, P.M., Boutron, I., Hoffman, T.C., Mulrow, C.D. et al., 2021, \u2018The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic review\u2019, The British Medical Journal 372(71), 1\u20139."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, M.D.J., Marnie, C., Tricco, A.C., Pollock, D., Munn, Z., Alexander, L. et al., 2020, \u2018Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews\u2019, JBI Evidence Synthesis 18(10), 2119\u20132126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollock, D., Peters, M.D., Khalil, H., Mcinerney, P., Alexander, L., Tricco, A.C. et al., 2023, \u2018Recommendations for the extraction, analysis, and presentation of results in scoping reviews\u2019, JBI Evidence Synthesis 21(3), 520\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBIES-22-00123","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-22-00123"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rottenstreich, M., Sela, H.Y., Rotem, R., Kadish, E., Wiener-Well, Y. & Grisaru-Granovsky, S., 2022, \u2018COVID-19 vaccination during the third trimester of pregnancy: Rate of vaccination and maternal and neonatal outcomes, a multicentre retrospective cohort study\u2019, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 129(2), 248\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16941","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16941"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tricco, A.C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O\u2019Brien, K.K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., et al. 2018, \u2018Prisma extension for scoping reviews (Prisma-scr): Checklist and explanation\u2019, Annals of Internal Medicine 169(7), 467\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M18-0850","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wainstock, T., Yoles, I., Sergienko, R. & Sheiner, E., 2021, \u2018Prenatal maternal COVID-19 vaccination and pregnancy outcomes\u2019, Vaccine 39(41), 6037\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.09.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.09.012"},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO), 2022, COVID-19 weekly Epidemiological update, Meeting Global overview, Geneva."}],"container-title":["Health SA 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